{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:16:47Z","timestamp":1793758607172,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a viral infection affecting the central nervous system (CNS) seen mostly in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There is limited data on the epidemiology and disease course of these patients from India. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of PML in patients with HIV\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the clinical presentation and prognosis of these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted at a tertiary care HIV center in New Delhi. Data of 765 patients from our anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic during a span of 4 years were retrospectively analyzed and reviewed. The diagnosis was based on the clinical and radiological picture and exclusion of other differential diagnosis by cerebrospinal fluid and serological studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 765 patients with HIV\/AIDS, 12 (1.56%) were diagnosed with PML on the basis of consistent clinical and radiological features after ruling out other differential diagnosis. PML was the initial presentation of HIV infection in 8 (55.5%) patients. 11 (89%) patients had CD4 count &lt;200\/\u03bcl. Insidious onset focal limb weakness (50%) and dysarthria (50%) were common symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed characteristic white matter lesions in all the patients. The estimated median survival was 40 months (95% confidence interval, 23.88\u201353.19 months).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that PML is associated with high morbidity despite the institution of highly active ART (HAART), but mortality has significantly declined if ART is started early. Key to good response is early diagnosis and HAART.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_29_18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1668593672000},"page":"156-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Study of clinical profile and outcomes in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era \u2013 An observational study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Sumit","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiz M. H.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Deshwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Behal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409356594","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: What's new?","volume":"16","author":"Focosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R2-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195261","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Explaining the high incidence and disproportionate frequency of the illness relative to other immunosuppressive conditions","volume":"9","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R4-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195397","article-title":"Low prevalence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in India and Africa: Is there a biological explanation?","volume":"9","author":"Shankar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R5-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290101094","article-title":"The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"8","author":"Sacktor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R6-8-20240831","first-page":"468","article-title":"Neuropathology of HIV\/AIDS with an overview of the Indian scene","volume":"121","author":"Shankar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R7-8-20240831","first-page":"72","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in HIV\/AIDS: Observational study from a tertiary care centre in northern India","volume":"138","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R8-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040837","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R9-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: Consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R10-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131375.21070.06","article-title":"Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"French","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R13-8-20240831","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV infected Indian patients","volume":"65","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R14-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390195388","article-title":"Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS Study Group. Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA)","volume":"9","author":"Antinori","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R15-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817bec64","article-title":"Influence of HAART on the clinical course of HIV-1-infected patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Results of an observational multicenter study","volume":"49","author":"Falc\u00f3","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R16-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809113482","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with HIV infection","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R17-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1086\/595299","article-title":"Incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"199","author":"Engsig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1305","article-title":"The natural history of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with AIDS. Canadian PML Study Group","volume":"20","author":"Fong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-8-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-1-78","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 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Clinical course and prognostic factors of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"36","author":"Berenguer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_29_18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:15:14Z","timestamp":1787757314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_29_18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_29_18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0557","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}