{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:34:06Z","timestamp":1787772846359,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Considering the changing causative and resistance pattern of agents implicated in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), etiological diagnosis is imperative, especially in countries practicing syndromic management. This study was designed to identify etiological agents associated with cervicitis and to analyze their association with clinical and behavioral profile.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Female STI clinic attendees presenting with cervico-vaginal discharge were examined for the presence of cervicitis. Endocervical swabs were collected for gram staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for various bacterial and viral STI agents in patients presenting with cervical discharge. A vaginal swab was also evaluated for bacterial vaginosis by Nugent's criteria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 64 patients with vaginal discharge, 26.6% and 12.5% patients complained of genital itching and lower abdominal pain, respectively. Mean of 36.6 pus cells\/hpf were observed, appreciably greater number in patients with\n Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n infections (\n P =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.0063 and 0.0032, respectively). Pus cells were high (mean 68 pus cells\/hpf) in patients with\n Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>\n , though this may be attributed to coexisting\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n . Agents isolated from endocervix were\n N. gonorrhoeae,<\/jats:italic>\n 17 (26.6%),\n Trichomonas vaginalis,<\/jats:italic>\n 4 (6.3%), HSV1 and\n C. trachomatis,<\/jats:italic>\n 1 each (1.6%), HSV2, 9 (14.1%),\n U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic>\n 5 (7.8%),\n Ureaplasma parvum<\/jats:italic>\n 26 (40.6%),\n Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n (0%), and\n Mycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic>\n 11 (17.2%). Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 14 (21.9%) patients. Multiple agents were isolated in 10 (two), 6 (three), 6 (four), and 1 (five) patients. Isolation of\n M. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n U. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n was significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis (\n P =<\/jats:italic>\n 0.04 and 0.003, respectively). Nonusage of condoms and mental stress predisposed to cervicitis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n We concluded that there are changing etiological patterns of cervicitis. There is need to use tests that detect wider array of organisms, and can replace standard culture methods with molecular assays, to increase the ability to diagnose more number of organisms implicated in cervicitis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_75_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1668593672000},"page":"174-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Etiology of cervicitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Shikha","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aradhana","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niti","family":"Khunger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paveen","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2018.12.004","article-title":"Cervicitis: Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"37","author":"Ortiz-de la Tabla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed"},{"key":"R4-12-20240831","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cervicitis: A review","volume":"21","author":"Lusk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: Prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008","volume":"40","author":"Satterwhite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R7-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.203433","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinico-investigative study of organisms causing vaginal discharge","volume":"38","author":"Venugopal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"R8-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7025a2","article-title":"Need for contraceptive services among women of reproductive age \u2013 45 Jurisdictions, United States, 2017-2019","volume":"70","author":"Zapata","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R9-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.047","article-title":"The association of psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis in a longitudinal cohort","volume":"194","author":"Nansel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R10-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00173-X","article-title":"How stress influences the immune response","volume":"24","author":"Padgett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R11-12-20240831","first-page":"987","article-title":"Leukocytes in the cervix: A quantitative evaluation of cervicitis","volume":"91","author":"Stern","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R12-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8236575","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8236575","article-title":"The role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts from urethra, cervix, and vaginal wet mount in diagnosis of nongonococcal lower genital tract infection","volume":"2018","author":"Randjelovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R13-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_143_15","article-title":"What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico-vaginitis nowadays?","volume":"41","author":"Nkwabong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"R14-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2003.07.006","article-title":"Genital infections in women, in community practice. Comparison of two studies, 1987 and 2002","volume":"34","author":"Arzouni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"R15-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.03.009","article-title":"Mucopurulent cervicitis: No longer ignored, but still misunderstood","volume":"19","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"R16-12-20240831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics","volume":"36","author":"Gaydos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_75_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:14:56Z","timestamp":1787771696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_75_21"}},"subtitle":["Are there new agents in play?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijstd.ijstd_75_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0557","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}