{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:56:16Z","timestamp":1790776576622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering an important interplay of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in autophagy, where Bcl-2 inhibits autophagy by binding and inhibiting Beclin-1, evaluation of their expressions may provide insights into the tumor biology of the clinically distinct non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expressions were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in 47 NMIBC and 37 MIBC patients. Their expressions were evaluated in relation to patients\u2019 demographics. Autophagic vesicles (AVs)\/autophagy were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fold change expressions of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, at the gene level, were observed to be asymmetrical\/skewed. Significances of expressions at the mRNA level with tumor stage (P = 0.0415), grade (P = 0.0488), and size (0.0451) in the NMIBC cohort were observed, whereas Bcl-2 expression exhibited significances with stage (P = 0.0328) and tumor type (P = 0.0499) in NMIBC and MIBC (P = 0.0474) patients. Western blotting and IHC showed decreased Beclin-1 and increased Bcl-2 immunostaining with an increase in the tumor stage and grade. TEM micrographs recorded an increase in AVs\/autophagy in a tumor stage and grade-dependent manner. Tumor size was identified as a predictor of short progression-free survival (P = 0.031) in NMIBC patients. The Kaplan\u2013Meier test could not identify Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 as the predictors of survival outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beclin-1 downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and increased autophagy in tumor stage and grade-dependent manner suggest their role in aggressiveness of the bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/iju.iju_77_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:00:28Z","timestamp":1790758828000},"page":"287-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering the clinical significance of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in urothelial carcinoma of bladder"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"42","author":[{"family":"Niharika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreyansh","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atin","family":"Singhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apul","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 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