{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:36:07Z","timestamp":1793104567687,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anxiety disorders (ADs) are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions and contribute substantially to disability, healthcare burden, and impaired quality of life. However, current diagnostic systems rely primarily on descriptive psychopathology and symptom-based classifications, providing limited guidance for distinguishing adaptive from pathological anxiety during clinical assessment. The aim is to propose a Diagnostic Pathology Framework for ADs that operationalizes the distinction between adaptive and pathological anxiety using clinically identifiable markers. This conceptual paper proposes three interrelated constructs.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">First<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the 3R\u2019s Framework conceptualizes anxiety as the Receipt of stimuli, automatic Reactions, and consciously regulated Responses.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Second<\/jats:italic>\n                    , anxiety is viewed as an adaptive survival reaction expressed through four domains: worry, fear, arousal, and avoidance.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Third<\/jats:italic>\n                    , pathological anxiety is operationalized using the Clinical Tetrad comprising Temporal pattern, Intensity, Proportionality, and Controllability (TIP-C) which serves as clinical markers for identifying pathology. Framework characterizes the diagnostic pathology of ADs through a Pathological Tetrad comprising pathological worry, pathological fear, pathological arousal, and pathological avoidance. These are further sub-classified into generalized\/focal pathological worry, interoceptive\/exteroceptive pathological fear, tonic\/phasic pathological arousal, and in-situ\/ex-situ pathological avoidance. Clinical Tetrad operationalizes the identification of Pathological Anxiety (PA), while the Pathological Tetrad characterizes its principal manifestations across ADs. The proposed Framework complements descriptive psychopathology by introducing operational clinical markers for identifying PA. By integrating TIP-C Clinical Tetrad with the Pathological Tetrad, it provides a clinicopathological approach that may enhance diagnostic reasoning, medical education, and future research. Further studies are required to establish its reliability, validity, and clinical utility across diverse clinical settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry_734_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:00:53Z","timestamp":1789632053000},"page":"841-847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A conceptual framework for the diagnostic pathology of anxiety disorders: Clinical and pathological tetrads for identifying pathological anxiety"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Narayana","family":"Manjunatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.03.003","article-title":"Psychological pain: A review of evidence","volume":"40","author":"Mee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R4-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178541","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/4178541","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in the burden of anxiety disorders from 1992 to 2021: An age-period-cohort analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"2025","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"R5-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_333_16","article-title":"Twelve-month prevalence and treatment gap for common mental disorders: Findings from a large-scale epidemiological survey in India","volume":"59","author":"Sagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R6-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_964_21","article-title":"Prevalence and its correlates of anxiety disorders from India's National Mental Health Survey 2016","volume":"64","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_730_22","article-title":"Work productivity (absenteeism and presenteeism) in persons with common mental disorders: An observational study from South India","volume":"65","author":"Kondapura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R8-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30024-4","article-title":"Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: A global return on investment analysis","volume":"3","author":"Chisholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"R9-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/jopsys.jopsys_37_22","article-title":"Analyzing psychiatric disorders from rural primary health centers: A clinical epidemiological study from a district of South India","volume":"2","author":"Nirisha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Spectr"},{"key":"R10-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_110_25","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety disorders among the first visit adult psychiatric outpatient clinic: A pre COVID clinical study","volume":"34","author":"Kalaivanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"R11-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_888_21","article-title":"Panic disorder in general medical practice- A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R14-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316","article-title":"Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications","volume":"100","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R15-20261027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1502514","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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