{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:07:13Z","timestamp":1787170033043,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Substance dependence are often thought to be linked as they are found to co-exist in many individuals. ADHD is estimated to be an essential indicator for the development of substance use disorder. Aim and Objective: To explore the relationship between different substance dependence and ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional single-interview study was done at a tertiary care hospital in which a total of 153 Cases presenting to the Psychiatry OPD in a period of 03 months were selected serially based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The diagnosis of substance dependence was made as per ICD-10 criteria. These subjects were then evaluated for the presence of ADHD and physical and psychological symptoms using the Adult ADHD self-rating scale and Maudsley\u2019s Addiction Profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of our study subjects were aged between 24-29 years (45%) and were predominantly males (98.7%). Most of our subjects were dependent on smack (adulterated heroin) (38.5%) followed by cannabis (27.4%) and alcohol (18.3%). When evaluated for ADHD using the ADHD self-rating scale, we found that almost one-third of the study population had ADHD (33%). Prevalence of ADHD was maximum in the subjects with cannabis dependence (47.6%) followed by tobacco\/smoking (38.8%), cocaine (33%), and alcohol (21.5%). This association was statistically significant for cannabis (p = 0.035). The standard mean of both the physical as well as psychological symptoms experienced by subjects was higher in the ADHD group compared to the non-ADHD group which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While managing patients with substance dependence we need to target both underlying ADHD and any co-morbid physical and psychological illness if present for holistic recovery of the patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_47_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T19:00:27Z","timestamp":1696618827000},"page":"397-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decoding the link between substance dependence and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 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