{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:30:56Z","timestamp":1786728656113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Law enforcement, particularly policing, is a highly stressful occupation leading to stress, depression, anxiety, and substance intake. Over time, such persistent stress can affect both their professional efficacy and personal well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the level of stress, depression, anxiety, and substance intake patterns among police personnel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study consisting of 75 police personnel, including constables and assistant sub-inspectors were conducted in Indore district, where four police stations were selected by simple random sampling and nonprobability convenience sampling in two stages. police stress questionnaire\u2013operational and organizational, DASS scale, and ASSIST were used. Data was entered in an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS Software. Categorical data is expressed as proportions and percentages and continuous data as mean and standard deviation. Wherever applicable test of association was applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 42 (56%) participants were in a moderate stress level in the operational stress questionnaire; however, it was 28 (37%) in organizational stress. A total of 19 (25%) police personnel had some features of depression, with 13 (17.3%) being mild, five (6.7%) moderate, and one (1.3%) being severe. Tobacco intake (smoke as well as smokeless) was present in 35 (47%) participants, while alcohol intake was found in 44 (59%) participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of the participants were in a moderate stress level in the operational stress questionnaire; however, low or no stress was reported by a few according to the organizational stress questionnaire. In comparison with depression, many participants were found to have anxiety. Alcohol intake was more commonly seen than tobacco intake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_95_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:00:43Z","timestamp":1768896043000},"page":"60-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stress and substance abuse \u2013 Assessment of psychiatric problems among police personnel"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Nayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akansha","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Sector 24, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practitioner Psychiatrist, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260120","first-page":"CD005601","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers","volume":"3","author":"Pe\u00f1alba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R2-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1700(199701)13:1<43::AID-SMI716>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Psychophysiological effects of mental imaging training for police trainees","volume":"13","author":"Backman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stress Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4-20260120","first-page":"39","article-title":"Occupational stress coping on policing reference to grade III police constables","volume":"201","author":"Sundaram","journal-title":"Int J Bus Manag Res"},{"key":"R5-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00488.x","article-title":"Understanding stress in female and male law enforcement officers","volume":"17","author":"Norvell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"R6-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.494","article-title":"Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires","volume":"13","author":"McCreary","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Stress Management"},{"key":"R7-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903544","article-title":"The depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R9-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-2061.2017.00012.X","article-title":"Occupational stress among police personnel in India","volume":"8","author":"Ragesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J Psychiatry Allied Sci"},{"key":"R10-20260120","first-page":"107","article-title":"Depression anxiety stress among the police personnel\u2019s","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Res"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R11-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of stress in the Malaysian police force","volume":"57","author":"Masilamani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"R12-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00092.x","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of alcohol use in male and female urban police officers","volume":"20","author":"Ballenger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"R13-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4103\/amhs.amhs_55_17","article-title":"Evaluation of tobacco-associated oral lesions in the police personnel from greater Mumbai: A survey with review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Puri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Med Health Sci"},{"key":"R14-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.0610201444","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among Kolkata-based policemen: A sociophysiological study","volume":"4","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"R16-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2011.562","article-title":"Occupational stress among police personnel of Wardha city, India","volume":"4","author":"Selokar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"R17-20260120","first-page":"102","article-title":"Sources of job stress in police work in a developing country","volume":"8","author":"Suresh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Bus Manag"},{"key":"R18-20260120","first-page":"233","article-title":"Stress problems faced by police constables in North Chennai","volume":"2","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Res Anal"}],"container-title":["Industrial Psychiatry Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ipj.ipj_95_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:29:59Z","timestamp":1786724999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ipj.ipj_95_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ipj.ipj_95_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-6748","0976-2795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}