{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:59:42Z","timestamp":1787169582639,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are key regulators of the immune response, particularly during\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n infections.\n Saurauia vulcani<\/jats:italic>\n Korth., commonly referred to as pirdot, is a traditional medicinal plant rich in flavonoids known for their anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ethanol extract of pirdot leaves on hepatic CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-cell expression and serum IL-2 levels in rats challenged with\n Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n . A posttest-only control group design was used with 32 male Wistar rats divided into four groups: Group I (normal\/K0), Group II (negative\/Kneg), Group III (positive control, Imboost\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n 22.5 mg\/kg BW), and Group IV (treatment, pirdot extract 500 mg\/kg BW). On day 4, all groups except the normal control were infected with\n S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n . At day 14, blood and liver samples were collected. Serum IL-2 concentrations were measured, and liver tissues were examined histologically and assessed for CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-cell immunoreactivity score (IRS) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Kruskal\u2013Wallis analysis followed by Mann\u2013Whitney test showed that the group given pirdot extract had the highest IL-2 levels (2.23 \u00b1 0.18 ng\/ml), followed by positive (1.86 \u00b1 0.33 ng\/ml), normal (1.71 \u00b1 0.40 ng\/ml), and negative (1.64 \u00b1 0.28 ng\/ml) with a significant difference (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.009). Then, histopathology scores were observed for hydropic degeneration, necrosis, inflammation, granuloma formation, and portal triad damage in all groups, followed by calculating the CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-cell IRS by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination. The results showed statistically significantly different values between all groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.004). The ethanol extract of pirdot leaves at a dose of 500 mg\/kg BW was found to enhance CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-cell expression and elevate serum IL-2 levels, indicating its potential as an immunomodulatory agent against\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n infection.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_143_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:00:13Z","timestamp":1770699613000},"page":"78-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of Saurauia vulcani Korth. on hepatic CD4+ T-cell profiles and serum interleukin-2 levels in rats induced by Salmonella typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"family":"Haslinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahasan Ulah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Sylhet, Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunita Sari","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155286","article-title":"Risk factors of typhoid infection in the Indonesian archipelago","volume":"11","author":"Alba","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R3-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3152","article-title":"Expanding roles for CD4 ? 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