{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:00:26Z","timestamp":1787169626593,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Annona squamosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    contains some secondary metabolites and has significant biological activities, including antioxidant. The toxicity of n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. squamosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, while their antioxidant activity was evaluated through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity results showed inhibition concentration 50 (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values of 152.76 ppm for the n-hexane extract and 57.87 ppm for the DCM extract. Toxicity tests of both extracts had lethal concentration 50 (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values below 1000 ppm that indicated that the extracts are considered toxic. The results of fraction testing showed that fraction F6 was the most active as an antioxidant, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 86.49 ppm, and F5 had the highest toxicity with an LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 75.30 ppm. Further gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis of the most active extract and fraction identified 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzenepropanoic acid derivatives, which are suggested to contribute to the observed antioxidant and toxicity-related activities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_231_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:00:11Z","timestamp":1770699611000},"page":"24-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant activities and toxicity of dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of Annona squamosa L. leaves"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mustanir","family":"Yahya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binawati","family":"Ginting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurdin","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cantika Dwi","family":"Riski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnia","family":"Purnama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teuku Ivan","family":"Auliansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Zaid Thariq","family":"Gunana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-014-0446-0","article-title":"Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases","volume":"30","author":"Phaniendra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R2-20260210","first-page":"4","article-title":"DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Annona squamosa Linn leaf extracts","volume":"11","author":"Surendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm BiolSci"},{"key":"R3-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/phytokeys.12.2771","article-title":"Tetrameranthus (Annonaceae) revisited including a new species","volume":"12","author":"Westra","year":"2012","journal-title":"PhytoKeys"},{"key":"R4-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.016","article-title":"Postharvest physiology and technology of Annona fruits","volume":"44","author":"Pareek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"R5-20260210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.03.036","article-title":"Studies on anti-hepatoma activity of Annona squamosa L. 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