{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:23:13Z","timestamp":1787746993635,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n infections, particularly methicillin-resistant\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MRSA), remain a major clinical challenge due to limited treatment options. Plant-derived compounds have gained interest as alternative or adjunct antibacterial agents. This study investigated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and synergistic effects of\n Terminalia arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n extract against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and MRSA, with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Antibacterial activity of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\n arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n extract was evaluated using microdilution, time-kill, checkerboard, and biofilm assays against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and MRSA, with chemical profiling by HPLC. Data were calculated and shown as means \u00b1 standard deviation. A Significant difference was marked when\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05. The ethanolic extract of\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\n arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrated bactericidal action against\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 625 \u03bcg\/mL. A concentration-dependent effect was observed, with complete bacterial killing achieved at supra-MIC levels. The extract reduced biofilm biomass by more than 80% at low concentrations. Notably, a pronounced synergistic interaction with ampicillin against MRSA was observed, yielding a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.281. The\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\n arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n extract exhibited\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antibacterial activity and showed concentration-dependent bactericidal effects, with a synergistic interaction with ampicillin observed against MRSA.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_25_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:00:05Z","timestamp":1786546805000},"page":"268-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro antibacterial and concentration-dependent bactericidal effects of Terminalia arjuna extract against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with synergistic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sumalee","family":"Panthong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jittiporn","family":"Chaorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pusaree","family":"Temboonkiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20260826","first-page":"503","article-title":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in neonates- a major concern and a call for action","volume":"65","author":"Mustapha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Niger Med 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