{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:41:58Z","timestamp":1786725718247,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chronic hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and stress-responsive signaling in ocular tissues, contributing to the progression of diabetic eye complications. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of hyperglycemia-induced cellular dysfunction.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , rich in antioxidant flavonoids and phenolics, exhibits potential protective effects against metabolic stress. This study evaluated whether chitosan-based\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced upregulation of VEGF in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. HLE-B3 cells were exposed to high glucose to establish an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model of hyperglycemia. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    seed (NMS) and leaf (NML) extracts were fabricated and characterized for physicochemical properties and bioactive compound content. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assays under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. VEGF expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence and semi-quantitative image analysis following nanoparticle treatment. Nanoparticle characterization confirmed successful encapsulation of flavonoids and phenolic compounds with stable physicochemical properties. Both NMS and NML were well tolerated under normoglycemic conditions (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt;3500 \u00b5g\/mL), while hyperglycemia-induced cells exhibited greater sensitivity (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50:<\/jats:sub>\n                    1517 \u00b5g\/mL for NMS; 1943 \u00b5g\/mL for NML). High glucose exposure significantly increased VEGF expression, whereas treatment with NMS and NML markedly attenuated VEGF upregulation. Chitosan-based\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced VEGF expression in HLE cells, indicating a protective effect against epithelial stress signaling. These findings highlight the potential of nanoencapsulated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a strategy to modulate hyperglycemia-driven ocular epithelial dysfunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_327_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T16:00:30Z","timestamp":1778342430000},"page":"184-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chitosan-based Moringa oleifera nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human lens epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hendra","family":"Susanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moch","family":"Sholeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashi","family":"Widodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurina Febriyanti","family":"Ayuningtyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miftakhul","family":"Cahyati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeodatus Yuda","family":"Handaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Surgeon Division, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2004","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"R2-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-023-00314-8","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy as the leading cause of blindness and early predictor of cascading complications-risks and 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