{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:24Z","timestamp":1786649964990,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Blue light exposure can damage the retina, resulting in retinal atrophy and significant vision loss. Currently, no efficient animal models can observe retinal damage caused by blue light within a defined timeframe. Creating a BALB\/c mouse model for blue light-induced retinal damage is expected to enhance research focused on the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration. This study explores the potential effect of blue light exposure on the BALB\/c mice model by analysing apoptosis and retinal degeneration. Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Diponegoro University and The Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University. This study design was a posttest-only control group design. Ten five-week-old BALB\/c mice were divided into two groups. The exposure group received 10,000 lux of blue light in the special cage for 2 weeks, 3 h daily. Caspase-3 expression was assessed through polymerase chain reaction testing, and retinal thickness was analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. We used the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test to evaluate data normality. Parametric\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -tests and nonparametric Mann\u2013Whitney tests were applied to compare groups, with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05 considered significant. The average whole retinal thickness of the exposed group was 152.812 \u00b1 20.919 \u00b5m, while the control group was 214.948 \u00b1 53.284 \u00b5m (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04). The average caspase-3 expression in the exposed group was 19.03 \u00b1 8.57 \u00b5m, while the control group was 5.78 \u00b1 2.63 \u00b5m (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.011). This approach, utilizing animal models for blue light exposure, can be employed to learn about retinal damage caused by blue light.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_32_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T08:00:23Z","timestamp":1754726423000},"page":"139-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a BALB\/c mice model for blue light retinal damage"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arief","family":"Wildan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Study Program of Medical and Health Science, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banundari","family":"Rachmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arief Sjamsulaksan","family":"Kartasasmita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fifin Luthfia","family":"Rahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Maharani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermawan","family":"Istiadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glaucoma Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anditta","family":"Syifarahmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwan","family":"Nurdiansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noviana Fitri","family":"Wulandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shofia","family":"Salsabilah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31550-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"392","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02409-6","article-title":"Toxicity of blue led light and A2E is associated to mitochondrial dynamics impairment in ARPE-19 cells: Implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"93","author":"Alaimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"R3-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23544","article-title":"Macular degeneration epidemiology: Nature-nurture, lifestyle factors, genetic risk, and gene-environment interactions \u2013 The weisenfeld award lecture","volume":"58","author":"Seddon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R4-20260421","first-page":"493","article-title":"Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"R5-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1853178","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment situation in Indonesia based on rapid assessment of avoidable blindness surveys in 15 provinces","volume":"28","author":"Rif\u2019Ati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R6-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302281","article-title":"Is sunlight exposure a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration? 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