{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:22:27Z","timestamp":1787775747748,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Context:<\/jats:title>\n \n Persistent endodontic infections caused by\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n often resist standard intracanal medicaments. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), with their antimicrobial and drug-delivery potential, may improve disinfection efficacy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine intracanal medicaments, with and without chitosan nanoparticle incorporation, against\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n at different time intervals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting and Design:<\/jats:title>\n \n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n microbiological study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n An eighty\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n agar well-diffusion model was used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of four formulations \u2013 calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), Ca (OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n + CNPs, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and CHX + CNPs against\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n at 3- and 7-day intervals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n \n Data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey\u2019s\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n test (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n CNP incorporation significantly enhanced and prolonged antimicrobial activity. CHX + CNPs showed the largest inhibition zones (28.0 \u00b1 1.9 mm vs.\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.042), while Ca (OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n + CNPs exhibited a time-dependent increase (0 \u2192 23.0 \u00b1 2.1 mm vs.\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n CNPs synergistically potentiate conventional medicaments via deeper diffusion, sustained release, and intrinsic antimicrobial action.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_1050_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:00:32Z","timestamp":1772539232000},"page":"238-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combating Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: The role of chitosan nanoparticle in intracanal therapy \u2013 An in vitro microbiological study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M A","family":"Ranjini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Mrinaalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Vedavathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinalini","family":"Jaichander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parikshit P.","family":"Sanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 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