{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:31:16Z","timestamp":1787070676513,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n \n The aim of the study was to investigate the disinfecting efficacy of a standardized irrigating solution activated by ultrasonics or laser irradiation on mature dual-species biofilms at different root levels\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Conventional access cavity preparations were done on 160 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with single canals. Freshly extracted oral microbial strains of\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n after biochemical confirmation were used to generate two discrete dual-species microbial inoculums. The sterilized tooth samples were randomly segregated into two groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 80) and inoculated with a mixed inoculum of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n +\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n strains (Group 1) and\n S. mutans + C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n strains (Group 2), respectively. Following the 21-day incubation period under aerobic conditions, the infected specimens in each group were divided into four subgroups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 20) and subjected to experimental treatment protocols. This included a positive control (no treatment of biofilms), syringe irrigation alone with TruNatomy needle, passive ultrasonically activated irrigation with 20# Irrisafe tip, and laser agitation of irrigant with Er,Cr:YSGG laser using RFT 2 laser tip. Root canals of experimental specimens (except the control samples) are instrumented with TruNatomy rotary file system using 1:1 mixture of 3% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid as irrigants. The quantitative assessment of reduction in viable biofilm microbes after treatment was done using colony-forming unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy image analysis. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with a significant level set at 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Laser-assisted irrigation has shown a considerably higher mean percentage reduction of microbes compared to ultrasonic agitation and the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001). No significant difference was noted between the three root regions of ultrasonic and laser groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05), whereas in the syringe groups, apical portions showed higher microbial counts compared to cervical and mid-root regions (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Erbium laser-assisted irrigation has performed superior to ultrasonic agitation against both the experimental dual-species biofilms, while the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction specifically at apical root portions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_126_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T03:11:01Z","timestamp":1717643461000},"page":"613-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of ultrasonic and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation protocol on dual-species root canal biofilm removal: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Venkata Divya Durga","family":"Datla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshman Varma","family":"Uppalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema Prakash Kumari","family":"Pilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences Prasanthigram, Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyothi","family":"Mandava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirisha","family":"Kantheti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Naagaja Krishnaveni","family":"Komireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedamani","family":"Chandolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative 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