{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:27:16Z","timestamp":1790922436463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teeth bleaching, although considered safe and conservative, cause microscopic changes in the tooth structure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bleaching efficacy of carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching gel when modified with the incorporation of bioactive glass (BG) and hydroxyapatite (HA) and its effect on enamel microhardness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-five maxillary incisors were decoronated, artificially stained and mounted in acrylic. The samples were divided into three groups of 15 each and subjected to the following bleaching protocol for 8 h\/day at 37\u00b0C for 2 weeks: Group 1 \u2013 16% CP, Group 2 \u2013 CP modified with BG, and Group 3 \u2013 CP modified with hydroxyapatite (HA). Spectrophotometric color assessment using CIE L*a*b* system and Vickers microhardness were assessed before and after bleaching. Data were analyzed using Student\u2019s paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant change in color (L*a*b*) in all the three groups when compared to the baseline values. However, no significant difference in the total color change (\u0394E) was observed between the three groups. Enamel microhardness reduced significantly in the CP group, whereas it increased in the BG and HA group after bleaching. Scanning electron microscopy images of BG and HA groups showed crystalline deposits suggesting mineral deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addition of biomaterials can be a beneficial alternative to bleaching with CP alone, considering the increase in microhardness without hindering the bleaching action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_310_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:01:57Z","timestamp":1709769717000},"page":"310-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In vitro evaluation of the effect of addition of biomaterials to carbamide peroxide on the bleaching efficacy and microhardness of enamel"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sowmya","family":"Kavoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Ranjini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naval Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. K.","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roopa R.","family":"Nadig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240904","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953835","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/953835","article-title":"Susceptibility of enamel treated with bleaching agents to mineral loss after cariogenic challenge","volume":"2011","author":"Tezel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J 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