{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:34:59Z","timestamp":1786649699163,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the immunohistochemical (IHC) and genetic expression in tissues exposed to green-mediated nano-enhanced glass ionomer cement (GIC) and conventional GIC using an animal model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the IHC and genetic expression of green-mediated nano-enhanced GIC reinforced with chitosan, titanium, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were integrated into the GIC powder, and nine disc-shaped specimens (5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were fabricated. The specimens were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsal region of 18 Wistar albino rats. Group I received conventional GIC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), Group II received nano-modified GIC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), and Group III was the sham control (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6). Histological slides were prepared at 3 and 30 days for IHC analysis of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed with significance set at the 0.05 level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the GIC groups showed increased IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 on day 3 compared to sham, indicating inflammation. On day 3, IL-6 was higher in conventional GIC (1.26 \u00b1 0.020) and nano-modified GIC (1.23 \u00b1 0.011) compared to sham (1.0 \u00b1 0.001), but by day 30, the levels were similar across all the groups. TNF-\u03b1 was elevated in both the GIC groups on day 3, with conventional GIC (1.15 \u00b1 0.141) and nano-modified GIC (1.05 \u00b1 0.109), and equal across the groups by day 30.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Green-mediated nano-enhanced GIC caused less inflammation and upregulated healing genes compared to conventional GIC, suggesting better integration and improved clinical outcomes. Long-term studies are needed to confirm these benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_388_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T16:00:28Z","timestamp":1759593628000},"page":"1019-1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating immunohistochemical and genetic expression of green-mediated nano-enhanced glass ionomer cement: An animal model study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Soorya","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessy","family":"Paulraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhabrata","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik Ganesh","family":"Mohanraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Research Unit and Lab Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvaraj","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2728","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement incorporated with nonfluoridated remineralizing agents","volume":"17","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R2-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-2586","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Clinical Performance of Bioactive Composite with Conventional Restorative Materials:A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Venkadessan","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Dent"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/23202068241247952","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and assessment of antimicrobial properties of silver-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in orthodontic composite","volume":"15","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Oral Res"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_98_25","article-title":"Revolutionizing dental restorations with nanoparticle-incorporated composites","volume":"28","author":"Karunakaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent Endod"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_175_22","article-title":"Applications of Nanomaterials in Dentistry:A Review","volume":"13","author":"Chokkattu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.003","article-title":"Antibacterial properties and compressive strength of new one-step preparation silver nanoparticles in glass ionomer cements (NanoAg-GIC)","volume":"69","author":"Paiva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"R7-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071134","article-title":"Modifications in glass ionomer cements:Nano-sized fillers and bioactive nanoceramics","volume":"17","author":"Najeeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R8-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216260","article-title":"Effect of nanostructures on the properties of glass ionomer dental restoratives\/cements:A comprehensive narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06455-w","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and compressive strength of a dental cement modified using plant extract mixture","volume":"31","author":"Singer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_850_24","article-title":"Optimization of chitosan nanoparticle dentin pretreatment with different concentrations and application times to improve bonding at resin-dentin interface","volume":"28","author":"Meher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent Endod"},{"key":"R11-20251006","first-page":"e62837","article-title":"Green synthesis and investigation of antimicrobial activity and compressive resilience of glass ionomer cement modified with zirconia nanoparticles:An in vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R12-20251006","first-page":"e58562","article-title":"Green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties and compressive strength of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-incorporated glass ionomer cement","volume":"16","author":"Ilancheran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R13-20251006","first-page":"30","article-title":"Surface roughness and wettability of green-mediated titanium, zirconium, and hydroxyapatite nanocomposite-based glass ionomer cement under toothbrushing simulation:An in vitro study","volume":"14","author":"Ganesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent"},{"key":"R14-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201701059","article-title":"Biocompatibility of a new dental glass ionomer cement with cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"28","author":"Menezes-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"R15-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.07.022","article-title":"Modification of glass ionomer cement by incorporating nanozirconia-hydroxyapatite-silica nano-powder composite by the one-pot technique for hardness and aesthetics improvement","volume":"43","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceramics Int"},{"key":"R16-20251006","first-page":"e56078","article-title":"Assessing the influence of thermocycling on compressive strength, flexural strength, and microhardness in green-mediated nanocomposite-enhanced glass ionomer cement compared to traditional glass ionomer cement","volume":"16","author":"Ravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R17-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3830","article-title":"Evaluating the biocompatibility of novel green-synthesized nano-modified glass ionomer cement:A biochemical and histopathological analysis study in wistar albino rats","volume":"26","author":"Palani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"key":"R18-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.01.006","article-title":"Effects of the reinforced cellulose nanocrystals on glass-ionomer cements","volume":"35","author":"Menezes-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"R19-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04560-8","article-title":"Activity and levels of TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Alarc\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R20-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-014-0648-3","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of hydroxyapatite-silica nanopowder composite for hardness enhancement of glass ionomer cement","volume":"37","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Mater Sci"},{"key":"R21-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11428","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c02946","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications:A review","volume":"4","author":"Shreyash","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Nano Mater"},{"key":"R22-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900403h","article-title":"Exposure to titanium dioxide nanomaterials provokes inflammation of an in vitro human immune construct","volume":"3","author":"Schanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"R23-20251006","first-page":"176","article-title":"Influence of nano-fillers on the mechanical properties and bond strength of glass ionomer cement","volume":"33","author":"Elsaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"R24-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-3071","article-title":"An innovative phyto-mediated nanocomposite-modified glass ionomer cement:A detailed study on synthesis, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects, antimicrobial activity, mechanical performance, and solubility","volume":"18","author":"Alex","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R25-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.05.006","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative:Influence on physical and antibacterial properties","volume":"39","author":"Elsaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"R26-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.019","article-title":"Effects of incorporation of HA\/ZrO(2) into glass ionomer cement (GIC)","volume":"26","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R27-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115382","article-title":"The Impact of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Glass Ionomer Dental Materials","volume":"26","author":"Amin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R28-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.07.011","article-title":"Effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite nanobioceramics into conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC)","volume":"4","author":"Moshaverinia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"R29-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_51_18","article-title":"Clinical performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, flowable composite, and polyacid-modified resin composite in noncarious cervical lesions:One-year follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Hussainy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"R30-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1717051","article-title":"Effects of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals on the mechanical properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cements","volume":"15","author":"Moradian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"R31-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2617","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of flexural strength of conventional glass ionomer cement and glass ionomer cement modified with chitosan, titanium dioxide nanopowder and nanohydroxyapatite:An in vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Showkat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R32-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693524","article-title":"Modifications of glass ionomer cement powder by addition of recently fabricated nano-fillers and their effect on the properties:A review","volume":"13","author":"Moheet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_388_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:57:14Z","timestamp":1786647434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_388_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcde.jcde_388_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2950-4716","2950-4708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2950-4716","type":"print"},{"value":"2950-4708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-07","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}