{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:47:56Z","timestamp":1785764876866,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n The effectiveness of vital pulp therapy (VPT) depends on achieving adequate hemostasis and preservation of pulp vitality. Carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (CSS), a synthetic hemostatic agent considered to be safe in systemic use; however, its local effect on human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) remains unexplored. This preliminary\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study investigated the effects of various CSS concentrations and exposure durations on HDPSC behavior.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n HDPSCs were derived from healthy permanent teeth and maintained under standard culture conditions. The cells were distributed into control group (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide serving as the vehicle) and experimental groups treated with CSS at 0.1 \u03bcM, 1 \u03bcM, 5 \u03bcM, and 10 \u03bcM. Cellular responses were assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h following exposure. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was utilized to determine cell viability, and adhesion was calculated by measuring the number of nonadherent cells. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Lower concentrations of CSS (0.1 \u03bcM and 1 \u03bcM) demonstrated viability and adhesion values similar to the control group. In contrast, higher concentrations (5 \u03bcM and 10 \u03bcM) showed a gradual decrease in both parameters over time (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). The reduction was more evident with prolonged exposure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Based on the findings from this study, lower concentrations of CSS were well tolerated with HDPSCs, whereas higher concentrations negatively influenced both viability and adhesion. Hence, precise concentration control is essential for the use of CSS in VPT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_457_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:00:15Z","timestamp":1785513615000},"page":"909-915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocompatibility of carbazochrome sodium sulfonate on human dental pulp stem cells: An in vitro investigation"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M. 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