{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:21:38Z","timestamp":1788351698173,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of herbal irrigants (Panchvalkal extract and grape seed extract) with conventional irrigants (5.25% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]) in smear layer removal using scanning electron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n study was conducted on 48 extracted human maxillary central incisors randomly divided into three groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 16): Group I \u2013 Panchvalkal extract (5%), Group II \u2013 grape seed extract (5%), and Group III \u2013 5.25% NaOCl with 17% EDTA. Following standard biomechanical preparation and irrigation using side-vented needles, samples were sectioned longitudinally and examined under scanning electron microscopy at \u00d72000. Smear layer removal was assessed at coronal, middle, and apical levels. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Statistically significant differences were observed among the groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Group III demonstrated the highest smear layer removal efficacy at coronal, middle, and apical levels, followed by Group I, whereas Group II showed the least effectiveness, particularly at the apical level. Smear layer removal was greatest at the coronal level and least at the apical level across all groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Within the limitations of the present study, conventional irrigants (5.25% NaOCl with 17% EDTA) demonstrated superior smear layer removal efficacy compared to herbal irrigants. Panchvalkal extract showed moderate efficacy and may serve as a potential biocompatible alternative endodontic irrigant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_493_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1788184810000},"page":"1018-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of herbal irrigants versus conventional irrigants in smear layer removal: A Scanning electron microscopy study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Babra","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Kararia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandan Aditya Raj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Thakral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.03.010","article-title":"Review of contemporary irrigant agitation techniques and devices","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R2-20260902","first-page":"174","article-title":"Scanning electron microscope study on the action of endodontic irrigants on microorganisms and on the smear layer of root canal dentin","volume":"98","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R3-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.10.009","article-title":"Monoblocks in root canals: A hypothetical or a tangible goal","volume":"33","author":"Tay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R4-20260902","first-page":"380","article-title":"Bacterial penetration through canals of endodontically treated teeth in the presence or absence of the smear layer","volume":"82","author":"Clark-Holke","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"R5-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720130691","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of phosphoric acid solution compared to other root canal irrigants","volume":"23","author":"Prado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"R6-20260902","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Efficacy of herbal extracts as root canal irrigants: An in vitro study","volume":"39","author":"Badr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R7-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12031","article-title":"Update on endodontic irrigating solutions","volume":"27","author":"Basrani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endod Topics"},{"key":"R8-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12037","article-title":"Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper","volume":"46","author":"B\u00fcrklein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R9-20260902","first-page":"226","article-title":"Smear layer removal by citric acid solutions","volume":"35","author":"Calt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R10-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00599.x","article-title":"Quality of preparation of oval distal root canals in mandibular molars using nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"35","author":"R\u00f6dig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R11-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01243.x","article-title":"Passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: A review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R12-20260902","first-page":"8858283","article-title":"Advances in the Role of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant in Chemical Preparation of Root Canal Treatment","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int 2023"},{"key":"R13-20260902","first-page":"452","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the effect of irrigant solution combinations on dentin erosion","volume":"32","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R14-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i3.31225","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of some Indian medicinal plants","volume":"4","author":"Dabur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"R15-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.040","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal alternatives (Triphala and green tea polyphenols), MTAD, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formed on tooth substrate: An in vitro study","volume":"36","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R16-20260902","first-page":"825","article-title":"Comparative in vitro antimicrobial study of Panchavalkal and modified Panchavalkal in three different extract solvents: A study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Kamal Satgonda","year":"2022","journal-title":"International journal of medicine"},{"key":"R17-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.01.015","article-title":"Antifungal efficacy of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 17% EDTA with and without an antifungal agent","volume":"36","author":"Chandra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endodont"},{"key":"R18-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.09.014","article-title":"Root canal irrigants","volume":"32","author":"Zehnder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R19-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200303000-00002","article-title":"A new solution for the removal of the smear layer","volume":"29","author":"Torabinejad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R20-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2009.01627.x","article-title":"The smear layer in endodontics \u2013 A review","volume":"43","author":"Violich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R21-20260902","first-page":"285","article-title":"Efficacy of Chemical and Herbal Endodontic Irrigants in Smear Layer Removal from Root Dentin -A Comparative in-Vitro Sem Study","volume":"7","author":"Sulgante","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)"},{"key":"R22-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4103\/aihb.aihb_150_24","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of pulp dissolution and smear layer removal properties of various herbal extracts: An in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Hum Biol"},{"key":"R23-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81331-2","article-title":"Efficacy of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for root canal irrigation","volume":"18","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R24-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x","article-title":"On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: A review","volume":"39","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R25-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.226526","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of Morinda citrifolia, green tea polyphenols, and Triphala with 5% sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Divia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"key":"R26-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00361.x","article-title":"A primary observation on the preparation and obturation of oval canals","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R27-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(84)80204-6","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls","volume":"10","author":"Mader","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R28-20260902","first-page":"13","article-title":"Smear layer: Physiological considerations","volume":"3","author":"Pashley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oper Dent Suppl"},{"key":"R29-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2014.204","article-title":"Irrigation in endodontics","volume":"216","author":"Haapasalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"R30-20260902","first-page":"389","article-title":"The effects of chelating agents on dentin erosion: An in vitro study","volume":"44","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R31-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.07.023","article-title":"Influence of smear layer on the antimicrobial activity of a sodium hypochlorite\/etidronic acid irrigating solution in infected dentin","volume":"42","author":"Morago","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R32-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2003.00754.x","article-title":"Chelating agents in root canal treatment: Mode of action and indications for their use","volume":"36","author":"H\u00fclsmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R33-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000600016","article-title":"A comparative scanning electron microscopy evaluation of smear layer removal with apple vinegar and sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA","volume":"19","author":"Candeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"R34-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.08.001","article-title":"Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid and phosphoric acid in calcium hydroxide removal from the root canal: a microscopic cleanliness evaluation","volume":"112","author":"da Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R35-20260902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.164035","article-title":"Smear layer removal efficacy of combination of herbal extracts in two different ratios either alone or supplemented with sonic agitation: An in vitro scanning electron microscope study","volume":"18","author":"Chhabra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"R36-20260902","first-page":"542","article-title":"Evaluation of smear layer removal efficacy of various herbal extracts used as final endodontic irrigants: An SEM study","volume":"21","author":"Divia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_493_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:00:19Z","timestamp":1788350419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_493_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcde.jcde_493_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2950-4716","2950-4708"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2950-4716","type":"print"},{"value":"2950-4708","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-06","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}