{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:28:41Z","timestamp":1786728521009,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation of newer nanoparticle-based disinfectants for the disinfection of contaminated gutta-percha cones and surface topographical changes induced by them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) solution, and chitosan nanoaparticles (ChNPs) solution for the disinfection of gutta-percha cones contaminated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTCC 441) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MTCC 227) and the topographical changes induced by them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of NaOCl, AgNPs, and ChNPs against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were determined by the broth microdilution method and colony-forming unit assay, respectively. Gutta-percha cones were artificially contaminated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Contaminated cones were immersed for 1, 3, and 5 min in 2.62% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, 250 \u00b5g\/ml AgNP\u2019s, and 625 \u00b5g\/ml ChNPs solution, and the mean colony-forming units (CFUs) were evaluated after disinfection. Topographical changes induced by these agents at different time intervals were assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      test performed using licensed GraphPad Prism (v5.0).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NaOCl was the most effective disinfectant, eliminating both microorganisms within 1 min of immersion time. AgNPs and ChNPs showed no CFU units at 5 min of immersion time against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      but were able to eliminate\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      within 1 min of immersion. AFM analysis showed that, with all disinfectants on increasing time of immersion, the topographical changes become significant in comparison to the control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NaOCl at both concentrations was the most effective disinfectant, causing minimal topographical alterations at 1 min of immersion time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_804_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T01:00:55Z","timestamp":1740963655000},"page":"242-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, silver nanoparticles, and chitosan nanoparticles on gutta-percha cone disinfection and topographical changes analyzed by atomic force microscopy: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tushar","family":"Raheja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagat","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Bhonchal","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.168813","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of tensile strength of Gutta-percha cones with a herbal disinfectant","volume":"18","author":"Mahali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Conserv Dent"},{"key":"R2-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.08.025","article-title":"Volumetric expansion of gutta-percha in contact with eugenol","volume":"34","author":"Michaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"J 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