{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:30:45Z","timestamp":1787841045321,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Persistence of microbes is the main cause for root canal failure. Nanoparticles such as chitosan can prevent reinfection as chemo-mechanical preparation cannot abolish all the microbes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles when they were combined with calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate against\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n One hundred and forty single-rooted teeth were collected and root canal treatment was done.\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 70 each) were inoculated and incubated for 21 days at 37\u00b0C. The teeth were then divided into seven experimental groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 10 each) negative control, positive control, Ca (OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , chlorhexidine digluconate (2%), chitosan nanoparticles, Ca (OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n plus chitosan nanoparticles, and chlorhexidine digluconate (2%) plus chitosan nanoparticles. The above-mentioned intracanal medicaments were then placed and incubated at 37\u00b0C for 7 days. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were estimated using the standard loop method. Scanning electron microscope was used to confirm the microbial penetration and distribution. Analysis of data was dealt with the one-way ANOVA (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) and pairwise comparison was done by Tukey\u2019s\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n procedure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Chitosan nanoparticles samples exhibited fewer CFUs of all the experimental groups and Ca (OH)\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n exhibited highest number.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n All the four medicaments showed significant reduction in the bacterial count. Chitosan nanoparticles exhibited greatest antimicrobial efficacy against\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n than other experimental groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_87_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T06:00:23Z","timestamp":1774850423000},"page":"440-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles as intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lalitha Sri Roja","family":"Nallamilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 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