{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:25:12Z","timestamp":1788906312771,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Marginal integrity at sub-cementoenamel junction (CEJ) margins remains a clinical challenge in posterior composite restorations. Polymerization shrinkage and interfacial stress contribute to microleakage and restoration failure. The present\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      study compared cervical microleakage among four restorative approaches in Class II cavities extending below the CEJ.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty extracted human maxillary first premolars were prepared with standardized Class II box-only cavities (gingival margin 2 mm below CEJ) on both sides, thereby yielding a total of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 80 restorations. Specimens were divided into four groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 20) according to the restorative technique: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) liner + nanohybrid composite (Group 1); flowable liner + nanohybrid composite (Group 2); incremental composite technique (Group 3); and bulk-fill composite (Group 4). Following thermocycling and fluorescein dye immersion, sections were examined under a stereomicroscope (\u00d740), and leakage was scored on a four-point scale. Data were analyzed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Dunn\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All groups showed some degree of leakage. Mean dye penetration scores were: Group 1 = 3.75 \u00b1 0.55, Group 2 = 3.65 \u00b1 0.67, Group 3 = 1.90 \u00b1 1.77, and Group 4 = 2.00 \u00b1 1.72 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Incremental and bulk-fill techniques demonstrated significantly less cervical microleakage than RMGIC-and flowable-lined restorations. No significant difference existed between Groups 3 and 4.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incremental and bulk-fill placement techniques achieved superior marginal sealing compared with restorations using RMGIC or flowable liners. Liners did not improve sub-CEJ sealing and may increase interfacial stress. Simplified adhesive strategies using low-shrinkage composites can enhance long-term marginal integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcde.jcde_917_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T17:00:47Z","timestamp":1765299647000},"page":"1272-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative evaluation of cervical microleakage in class II composite restorations using different liner and placement techniques: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shikha","family":"Ahirwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vathsalya","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Amargadh, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisha","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kushali","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Amargadh, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krutika","family":"Chudasama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Amargadh, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanpreet Singh","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15070173","article-title":"A historical perspective on dental composite restorative materials","volume":"15","author":"Ferracane","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct 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