{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:09:59Z","timestamp":1790813399564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is the most common malignancy of the head and neck region and is known for its aggressive behavior with a high rates of recurrence and metastasis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 73 patients of surgically resected cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma from January 2021 to December 2021 with or without adjuvant therapy were included. Worst Pattern of Invasion (WPOI) and Tumor budding (TB) were evaluated on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and these were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Statistical analysis was conducted by using Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression model. A P value < .05 considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean age was 44 \u00b1 12.57 and M: F of 6.3:1. Most of the tumors were located on buccal mucosa (47.9%) and tongue (32.8%). Lip, alveolus and floor of the mouth were the other sites involved constituting 9.5% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 7), 6.8% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 5) and 2.7% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 2), respectively. Both WPOI and TB in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was found to be significantly associated with stage of the tumor and metastasis to lymph node with P value <0.5. Depth of invasion >1 cm was found in 64.3% of the cases (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 47), which was found to be significantly associated with WPOI (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.004) and TB (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04). We also found a significant association of TB with Perineural invasion (PNI) (0.003). A significant association of WPOI and TB with a P value of 0.012 was also found. On multivariate analysis the lymph node metastasis was found to be significantly associated with high WPOI (IV, V) and PNI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Both WPOI and TB are found to be significantly associated with the clinicopathological factors like stage, Depth of invasion (DOI), and metastatic lymph nodes. They are highly reproducible and can be easily evaluated on routine H and E sections, thus proving to be cost effective in a resource poor setting. They can be used as independent prognostic markers in OSCC and thus help in deciding the treatment plan for the patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_201_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:00:30Z","timestamp":1767200430000},"page":"1404-1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A correlation of Worst Pattern of Invasion (WPOI) and Tumor budding (TB) with clinicopathological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kanika","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragya","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahnavi","family":"Marachapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105451","article-title":"Overview of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma:Risk factors, mechanisms, and diagnostics","volume":"121","author":"Chamoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R2-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.07.038","article-title":"Oral squamous cell carcinoma:Review of prognostic and predictive factors","volume":"102","author":"Massano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R3-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002","article-title":"Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"45","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R4-20260102","article-title":"World Cancer Report 2014 (International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 2014)"},{"key":"R5-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000149687.90710.21","article-title":"Oral squamous cell carcinoma:Histologic risk assessment, but not margin status, is strongly predictive of local disease free and overall survival","volume":"29","author":"Brandwein-Gensler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R6-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01585081","article-title":"Tumor dedifferentiation:An important step in tumor invasion","volume":"3","author":"Gabbert","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"R7-20260102","first-page":"627n35","article-title":"Prognostic value of tumor important step in tumor invasion.f local dis","volume":"36","author":"Hase","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"R8-20260102","first-page":"227","article-title":"Evaluation of histomorphological parameters to predict occult nodal metastasis in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"key":"R9-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2022.08.027","article-title":"Worst pattern of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor","volume":"12","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"key":"R10-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-022-03193-z","article-title":"Worst pattern of invasion as an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis and prognosis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma-A retrospective cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Anto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R11-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/02841867509132692","article-title":"Epidermoid carcinoma of the tongue:Histologic grading in the clinical evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Lund","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol"},{"key":"R12-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.10.010","article-title":"Histologic pattern of invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype predict prognosis in squamous carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"87","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R13-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.ijabmr_391_23","article-title":"Relevance of tumor budding and pattern of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Deshpande","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Appl Basic Med Res"},{"key":"R14-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.287","article-title":"The relationship between tumour budding, the tumour microenvironment and survival in patients with invasive ductal breast cancer","volume":"113","author":"Gujam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R15-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_178_20","article-title":"Correlative study of tumor budding, mode of invasion and lymphocytic host response with known clinicopathological prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Chaitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R16-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13046","article-title":"Clinicopathologic predictors of survival in buccal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Marinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R17-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03063-z","article-title":"The prognostic role of histologic grade, worst pattern of invasion, and tumor budding in early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma:A comparative study","volume":"479","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"R18-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195451","article-title":"Tumor budding is an independent prognostic marker in early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma:With special reference to the mode of invasion and worst pattern of invasion","volume":"13","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R19-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E112","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319848669","article-title":"Tumor budding and worse pattern of invasion can predict nodal metastasis in oral cancers and associated with poor survival in early-stage tumors","volume":"98","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"R20-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12856","article-title":"Validation of the international tumor budding consensus conference (2016) recommendations in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral PatholMed"},{"key":"R21-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12471","article-title":"Tumour budding in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Almangush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R22-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2011.01041.x","article-title":"Tumor budding correlates with poor prognosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tongue squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R23-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896914565022","article-title":"Tumor budding is an independent prognostic factor for prediction of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Angadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R24-20260102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23380","article-title":"Depth of invasion, tumor budding, and worst pattern of invasion:Prognostic indicators in early-stage oral tongue cancer","volume":"36","author":"Almangush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"R25-20260102","first-page":"31","article-title":"Tumor budding as an independent prognostic histopathological marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma - An Indian tertiary care center experience","volume":"41","author":"Narayanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_201_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:57:05Z","timestamp":1786647425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_201_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_201_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0973-1482","1998-4138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0973-1482","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-23","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}