{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:35:22Z","timestamp":1788863722385,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Review prehabilitation techniques used for elective spine surgery to create a comprehensive list of recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines by searching three electronic databases from 1997 to 2021. Pertinent literature reporting information on prehabilitation, applicable to spine surgery, was identified. Seventy studies were selected for further analysis. Findings from the literature were reinforced by practices employed by the authors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preoperative smoking cessation should be achieved 3\u20134 weeks before elective spine surgery. Preoperative weight loss programs to reach a goal BMI &lt;35 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      may be a viable solution to minimize wound complications and surgical site infections. To minimize the negative impact of cardiopulmonary comorbidities, patients can enroll in an exercise program prior to surgery. Patients should abstain from alcohol before elective spine surgery. Patients with osteoporosis may benefit from supplementation with Vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. Opioids should be weaned to complete cessation 6\u20138 weeks before surgery. Preoperative cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and education seem to be the most beneficial in reducing complications associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Patients should engage in a comprehensive prehabilitation regimen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeting patient risk factors with personalized interventions can improve postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing elective spine surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_209_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1743656944000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive guidelines for prehabilitation in spine surgery"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paulomi","family":"Gohel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj Swaroop","family":"Lavadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed-Ali H.","family":"Jawad-Makki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit Prem","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha Akbar","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lior M.","family":"Elkaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Jaikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Alan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Buell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenton","family":"Pennicooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Kojo","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001509010020","article-title":"Risk of complications in spine surgery: A prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Orthop J"},{"key":"R2-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218792053","article-title":"Analysis of postoperative complications in spinal surgery, hospital length of stay, and unplanned readmission: Application of dindo-clavien classification to spine surgery","volume":"9","author":"Camino Willhuber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"R3-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218761361","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for acute postoperative complications following elective adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"8","author":"Di Capua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"R4-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S181477","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection following lumbar spinal surgery: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"R5-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.2.SPINE151345","article-title":"Risk factors for revision surgery following primary adult spinal deformity surgery in patients 65 years and older","volume":"25","author":"Puvanesarajah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"R6-20250401","first-page":"PCC.11m01326","article-title":"A review of potential adverse effects of long-term opioid therapy: A practitioner's guide","volume":"14","author":"Baldini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"R7-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199804000-00006","article-title":"Predisposing factors for infection in spine surgery: A survey of 850 spinal procedures","volume":"11","author":"Wimmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"R8-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00039","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative infection following posterior lumbar instrumented arthrodesis","volume":"93","author":"Koutsoumbelis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R9-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509347432","article-title":"Prehabilitation and early rehabilitation after spinal surgery: Randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"R10-20250401","first-page":"e2675","article-title":"The effectiveness of prehabilitation (Prehab) in both functional and economic outcomes following spinal surgery: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gometz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R11-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1203-8","article-title":"Use of the PREPARE (PREhabilitation, Physical Activity and exeRcisE) program to improve outcomes after lumbar fusion surgery for severe low back pain: A study protocol of a person-centred randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Lotzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"R12-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw066","article-title":"Prevention of surgical site infection in spine surgery","volume":"80","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R13-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-209","article-title":"Costs and quality of life for prehabilitation and early rehabilitation after surgery of the lumbar spine","volume":"8","author":"Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R14-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R16-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen401","article-title":"Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: Evidence for best practice","volume":"102","author":"T\u00f8nnesen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R17-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390832","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density","volume":"68","author":"Ward","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R18-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.09.013","article-title":"Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R19-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001795","article-title":"Impact of smoking on 30-day morbidity and mortality in adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"42","author":"De la Garza Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R20-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200505000-00005","article-title":"Determination of the duration of preoperative smoking cessation to improve wound healing after head and neck surgery","volume":"102","author":"Kuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R21-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-011-9652-x","article-title":"Short-term preoperative smoking cessation and postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R22-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07369-5","article-title":"Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"359","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R23-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.134.1.36","article-title":"Preoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: Results from the national VA surgical risk study","volume":"134","author":"Gibbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"R24-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.SPINE171183","article-title":"Low preoperative serum prealbumin levels and the postoperative surgical site infection risk in elective spine surgery: A consecutive series","volume":"29","author":"Salvetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"R25-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.2.174","article-title":"Nutritional approach in malnourished surgical patients: A prospective randomized study","volume":"137","author":"Braga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"R26-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.05.059","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after spinal surgery: A meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Fei","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R27-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E632","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001327","article-title":"Obesity is an independent risk factor of early complications after revision spine surgery","volume":"41","author":"Sing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R28-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E85","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000547","article-title":"Is body mass index a risk factor for revision procedures after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion?","volume":"31","author":"Narain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"R29-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318270b243","article-title":"Obesity is associated with inferior results after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: A study of 2633 patients from the Swedish spine register","volume":"38","author":"Knutsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R30-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3722-6","article-title":"Prior bariatric surgery lowers complication rates following spine surgery in obese patients","volume":"160","author":"Passias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"R31-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1165-y","article-title":"The impact of preoperative weight loss before laparoscopic gastric bypass","volume":"24","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"R32-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(12)07","article-title":"Preoperative weight loss in super-obese patients: Study of the rate of weight loss and its effects on surgical morbidity","volume":"69","author":"Santo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"R33-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217705654","article-title":"Impact of preoperative anemia on outcomes in adults undergoing elective posterior cervical fusion","volume":"7","author":"Phan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"R34-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182912c6b","article-title":"Preoperative anemia and perioperative outcomes in patients who undergo elective spine surgery","volume":"38","author":"Seicean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R35-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20190225-05","article-title":"Preoperative hemoglobin predicts postoperative transfusion despite antifibrinolytics during total knee arthroplasty","volume":"42","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"R36-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.07.059","article-title":"Intravenous iron in a prehabilitation program for older surgical patients: Prospective cohort study","volume":"257","author":"Janssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"R37-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000291441.10704.82","article-title":"Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in orthopedic surgery with intravenous iron: Efficacy and limits: A prospective study","volume":"107","author":"Theusinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R38-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31814b1bc0","article-title":"Diabetes and early postoperative outcomes following lumbar fusion","volume":"32","author":"Browne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R39-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000498","article-title":"The impact of diabetes mellitus on patients undergoing degenerative cervical spine surgery","volume":"39","author":"Guzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R40-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1124","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20160819-05","article-title":"Fat thickness as a risk factor for infection in lumbar spine surgery","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"R41-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003868","article-title":"Alcohol abuse and alcohol withdrawal are associated with adverse perioperative outcomes following elective spine fusion surgery","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R42-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2017.08.12","article-title":"Impact of alcohol use on 30-day complication and readmission rates after elective spinal fusion (\u22652 levels) for adult spine deformity: A single institutional study of 1,010 patients","volume":"3","author":"Elsamadicy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"key":"R43-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7194.1311","article-title":"Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"318","author":"Tonnesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R44-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3844-y","article-title":"Impaired bone mineral density as a predictor of graft subsidence following minimally invasive transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"24","author":"Tempel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"R45-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61342-7","article-title":"Use of calcium or calcium in combination with Vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R46-20250401","first-page":"315","article-title":"Intravenous pamidronate compared with oral alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"60","author":"Heijckmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"R47-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E490","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa050","article-title":"Preoperative opioid use and clinical outcomes in spine surgery: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Yerneni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R48-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002609","article-title":"Preoperative chronic opioid therapy: A risk factor for complications, readmission, continued opioid use and increased costs after one- and two-level posterior lumbar fusion","volume":"43","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R49-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.06.007","article-title":"A preoperative interdisciplinary biopsychosocial opioid reduction program in patients on chronic opioid analgesia prior to spine surgery: A preliminary report and case series","volume":"13","author":"Hassamal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"R50-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00632.x","article-title":"Pretreatment psychosocial variables as predictors of outcomes following lumbar surgery and spinal cord stimulation: A systematic review and literature synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Celestin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R51-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.03.017","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in spine surgery-a systematic integrative review","volume":"18","author":"Str\u00f8m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"R52-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1078-8","article-title":"Preoperative cognitive-behavioural intervention improves in-hospital mobilisation and analgesic use for lumbar spinal fusion patients","volume":"17","author":"Rolving","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"R53-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b317bd","article-title":"Depressive burden in the preoperative and early recovery phase predicts poorer surgery outcome among lumbar spinal stenosis patients: A one-year prospective follow-up study","volume":"34","author":"Sinikallio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R54-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.009","article-title":"PREPARE: Presurgery physiotherapy for patients with degenerative lumbar spine disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Lindb\u00e4ck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"R55-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.05.003","article-title":"The effect of an integrated education model on anxiety and uncertainty in patients undergoing cervical disc herniation surgery","volume":"133","author":"Chuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"R56-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002329","article-title":"Impact of depression on patient-reported outcome measures after lumbar spine decompression","volume":"43","author":"Merrill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R57-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002419","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after posterior lumbar spinal surgery","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R58-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.04.010","article-title":"Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"R59-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571285","article-title":"The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on spine surgery: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"R60-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-017-0245-2","article-title":"Prehabilitation and nutritional support to improve perioperative outcomes","volume":"7","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep"},{"key":"R61-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000579","article-title":"Perioperative nutritional optimization in spine surgery","volume":"31","author":"Qureshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"R62-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2015.7.3.337","article-title":"Particular features of surgical site infection in posterior lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"R63-20250401","first-page":"284063","article-title":"Guidelines for perioperative management of the diabetic patient","volume":"2015","author":"Sudhakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Res Pract"},{"key":"R64-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001515","article-title":"Perioperative hyperglycemia management: An update","volume":"126","author":"Duggan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R65-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0335-y","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia during enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy","volume":"13","author":"Gosmanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"R66-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019-0257","article-title":"Prehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Durrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"R67-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218819817","article-title":"Current strategies in prevention of postoperative infections in spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Atesok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"R68-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219882349","article-title":"Preoperative maximization to reduce complications in spinal surgery","volume":"10","author":"Maitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R69-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000939","article-title":"Perioperative medical management of spine surgery patients with osteoporosis","volume":"77","author":"Lubelski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R70-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00042","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis in spine surgery","volume":"23","author":"Lehman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"R71-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199712151-00006","article-title":"Osteoporosis Medical prevention and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Lane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R72-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0636-6","article-title":"The aging spine: New technologies and therapeutics for the osteoporotic spine","volume":"12","author":"Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"R73-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000234760.69549.79","article-title":"Preparing the adult deformity patient for spinal surgery","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R74-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.24","article-title":"Adverse effects of chronic opioid therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"6","author":"Crofford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"R75-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02690.x","article-title":"Effect of pre-operative anxiolysis on postoperative pain response in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"57","author":"Caumo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R76-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000705","article-title":"Attitudes of spine surgeons regarding management of preoperative anxiety: A cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"Musa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"R77-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.SPINE17436","article-title":"Implementation of an infection prevention bundle and increased physician awareness improves surgical outcomes and reduces costs associated with spine surgery","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"R78-20250401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.8.SPINE22365","article-title":"Leveraging machine learning to ascertain the implications of preoperative body mass index on surgical outcomes for 282 patients with preoperative obesity and lumbar spondylolisthesis in the quality outcomes database","volume":"38","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_209_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:54:52Z","timestamp":1786647292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_209_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcvjs.jcvjs_209_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-8237","0976-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-8237","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}