{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:12:21Z","timestamp":1791389541289,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and\/or impaired insulin secretion. Effective self-management behaviors are essential for maintaining glycemic control and preventing long-term complications. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate diabetes self-management behaviors and examine their correlation with blood glucose maintenance among patients with DM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n \n A longitudinal study was conducted at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, involving 120 patients recruited through simple random sampling. Data collection was performed at three observation points over a defined follow-up period. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain socio-demographic and clinical information, while the diabetes self-management questionnaire (DSMQ) was applied to assess self-management behaviors. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured to evaluate glycemic control. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, pairwise\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests, and multiple linear regression using SPSS version 26 to determine associations and predictors of self-management outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n More than half of the participants (55.3%) demonstrated poor knowledge regarding diabetes management. Significant associations (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) were observed between self-management behaviors and socio-demographic variables such as income, education, employment, family history, type of diabetes, duration since diagnosis, and HbA1c levels. Longitudinal assessments revealed a progressive decline in perfect self-management, with most patients stabilizing at partially adequate levels (from 25% at baseline to 85.8% at the third observation).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n Patient education contributes to improvements in diabetes self-management and glycemic control over time; however, gaps remain, particularly among individuals with lower socio-economic status. Comprehensive, culturally tailored interventions addressing both educational and socio-economic barriers are necessary to enhance self-management skills, optimize glycemic outcomes, and reduce health disparities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_10_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:01:38Z","timestamp":1778166098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-management behaviors and its correlation with maintenance blood glucose level control among diabetes mellitus patients: A longitudinal design study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kadhim Laydh","family":"Abdulhamza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Nursing, Higher Institute of Health, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haider 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