{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:29:17Z","timestamp":1790861357550,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n It is unclear how accurately students can reproduce specific forces that are often required for physical examination maneuvers. This study aimed to determine the baseline accuracy of force application for preclinical medical students, evaluate the effectiveness of a quantitative visual feedback intervention, and investigate whether certain demographics influence accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n First- and second-year medical students were enrolled and demographic data were collected. Students blindly applied their estimation of 15 lbs (6.8 kg), 3 lbs (1.4 kg), 10 lbs (4.5 kg), 1.5 lbs (0.7 kg), and 6 lbs (2.7 kg) of force on a scale. Visual feedback training was then performed wherein students applied a series of additional forces unblinded five times, and then blindly administered the same five initial forces 12 minutes and one week later. Accuracy was compared at each time point and a regression analysis was evaluated for predictors of accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-three students participated. The mean baseline accuracy was 38.3%, 41.1% immediately following intervention, and 35.6% one week later (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.66). Accuracy was significantly higher at higher intended forces compared to lower forces (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). The number of prior occupations was a positive independent predictor (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.04), and the number of sports played was noted to be a negative predictor (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01), of baseline accuracy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Medical students\u2019 ability to accurately reproduce clinically relevant forces is poor. There is a clear need to implement a robust training program in medical education, and students may need multiple training sessions to refine this skill.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_2046_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:04:06Z","timestamp":1732845846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medical student perception of force application: An accuracy assessment and pilot training program"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care, Kansas City University College of Medicine, Department of Primary Care, Kansas City, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riley","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care, Kansas City University College of Medicine, Department of Primary Care, Kansas City, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u2019Angeleau","family":"Newsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care, Kansas City University College of Medicine, Department of Primary Care, Kansas City, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Zaremski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care, Kansas City University College of Medicine, Department of Primary Care, Kansas City, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care, Kansas City University College of Medicine, Department of Primary Care, Kansas City, MO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sano Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lee\u2019s Summit, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.04.001","article-title":"Quantification of forces during a neurosurgical procedure: A pilot study","volume":"84","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R4-20250326","first-page":"102268.","article-title":"Tool-tissue forces in surgery: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Golahmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"R6-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03126-y","article-title":"Effects of using an abdominal simulator to develop palpatory competencies in 3rd year medical students","volume":"22","author":"Hamm","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"R7-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2009.05.011","article-title":"Real-time feedback improves accuracy of manually applied forces during cervical spine mobilisation","volume":"15","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"R8-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002239","article-title":"A sensorised surgical glove to analyze forces during neurosurgery","volume":"92","author":"Layard Horsfall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R9-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350616628680","article-title":"Prevailing trends in haptic feedback simulation for minimally invasive surgery","volume":"23","author":"Pinzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"key":"R10-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-021-01338-w","article-title":"Reducing retraction forces with tactile feedback during robotic total mesorectal excision in a porcine model","volume":"16","author":"Juo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"R11-20250326","first-page":"3650","article-title":"Real-time sclera force feedback for enabling safe robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgery","volume":"2018","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"R13-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0131-0","article-title":"The role of quantitative sensory testing in the evaluation of musculoskeletal pain conditions","volume":"12","author":"Pavlakovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"R14-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv105","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"17","author":"Uddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R15-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6176.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116176","article-title":"Manual therapy in cervical and lumbar radiculopathy: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Kuligowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R16-20250326","first-page":"863","article-title":"A method for cervical spinal mobilization","volume":"75","author":"Pugh","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"R18-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2002.126132","article-title":"Developing skilled performance of lumbar spine manipulation","volume":"25","author":"Triano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"R19-20250326","first-page":"241","article-title":"A pilot study to precisely quantify forces applied by sonographers while scanning: A step toward reducing ergonomic injury","volume":"58","author":"Dhyani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"R20-20250326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01307-7","article-title":"Free-weight resistance training in youth athletes: A narrative review","volume":"50","author":"McQuilliam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Education and Health Promotion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_2046_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:39:54Z","timestamp":1787067594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_2046_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_2046_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9531","2319-6440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9531","type":"print"},{"value":"2319-6440","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}