{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:38:50Z","timestamp":1787841530430,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a global pandemic, the coronavirus has brought new challenges to reproductive and sexual health. This systematic review has been conducted with the aim of investigating a) the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through female-to-male sexual secretions and vice versa, b) vertical transmission to the fetus, c) transmission to the newborn through the birth canal, and d) transmission through breast milk. In this review study, to find related articles, databases were searched using English and Persian keywords from the beginning of 2019 to the end of 2023. Based on the entry and exit criteria and the qualitative evaluation of the studies based on the STROBE criterion, the final studies were summarized. According to the initial search, 5970 articles were reviewed. After removing duplicate articles and the inappropriateness of the title, the abstract of the article was not related to the objectives of the project, there was no relevant study, and retrospective studies were excluded. Finally, 120 articles were selected as final articles. The general results show that transmission of the virus through the vagina to the blood of the fetus causing septicemia, vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus, transmission through the water bag, genital secretions, and ejaculate fluid are considered rare and ruled out. Transmission through rectal secretions during anal or oral sex requires more extensive studies. It is not possible to transmit the virus through breast milk. The long-term reproductive impact of COVID-19 on the reproductive systems of women and men is unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_387_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T01:01:38Z","timestamp":1722301298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the mode of transmission of COVID-19 through genital secretions, semen, the birth canal, and lactation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh Z.","family":"Meamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmineh","family":"Farajkhoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed A.","family":"Afshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh S.","family":"Ardakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Maybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30313-5","article-title":"2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R5-20240828","first-page":"136","article-title":"COVID-19 as a threat to sexual and reproductive health","volume":"49","author":"Hamzehgardeshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040436","article-title":"Mapping evidence of impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on sexual and reproductive health: A scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Bolarinwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.052","article-title":"Is SARS-CoV-2 also an enteric pathogen with potential fecal\u2013oral transmission? 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