{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:49Z","timestamp":1787840509046,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Protein plays a vital role in facilitating muscle growth and also plays an important part in the optimal repair and recovery of the muscle after exercise. These benefits are achieved by consuming higher-protein diets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of increased protein intake before the pre-event on muscle fatigue (MF) and ascertain if the increased protein intake before the pre-event contributes to improving recovery in female athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The experimental study was conducted at the Sports Academy for Basketball in Zagazig, Egypt, from July 2 to August 12, 2023. The study was conducted on 20 female basketball players (age: 16.65 \u00b1 0.47 years; body height: 165.42 \u00b1 3.09 cm; body mass: 59.68 \u00b1 3.63 kg; training age: 2.44 \u00b1 0.56 years). They were divided into two equally sized groups: The group with higher protein intake before the pre-event (HPP) and the group with normal protein intake before the pre-event (NPP) group. Both groups consumed the same dosage of protein (1.2 g\/kg\/day) as instructed (American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendation). Both groups performed the same training protocol, three times a week, over 6 weeks. All variables were assessed one week before the experimental program and after the 6-week training period. Data were collected using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) to assess fatigue index (FI) and peak power (PP), and the Anaerobic Power Step Test to assess anaerobic capacity (AC). Moreover, changes in heart rate (HRC) to assess the recovery. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software with the descriptive statistical test. The level of significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that both groups made significant improvements in all variables (FI-PP-AC-HRC), but the HPP group had significantly greater improvements than the NPP group. The percentage of improvement ranged from 7% to 27% for the HPP group, versus 3% to 15% for the NPP group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The major conclusion drawn from this study was that increased protein intake before the pre-event has a positive impact on reducing MF development and enhancing recovery in female athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_538_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T05:00:11Z","timestamp":1738299611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of increased protein intake before pre-event on muscle fatigue development and recovery in female athletes"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Taghread Ahmed Elsayed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Ali Ibrahim","family":"Seleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada Mohamed Youssef","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Ahmed Fadl","family":"Kholif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania Mohammed","family":"Abduljawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour Taha Ebrahem","family":"Housen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Self Development, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naglaa Mohamed Roby","family":"Sofy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kindergarten Department, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hager Abdel","family":"Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Assistant and Supportive Subjects, College of Science and Humanities - Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051136","article-title":"Dietary protein and muscle mass: Translating science to application and health benefit","volume":"11","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R2-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401314666180507123506","article-title":"Dietary requirements for proteins and amino acids in human nutrition","volume":"15","author":"Brestensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250314","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition","volume":"935","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"R4-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0177-8","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and exercise","volume":"14","author":"Jager","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"R5-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0184-9","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: Myth or reality","volume":"14","author":"Wolfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"R6-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013821","article-title":"Optimizing protein intake in adults: Interpretation and application of the recommended dietary allowance compared with the acceptable macronutrient distribution range","volume":"8","author":"Wolfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"R7-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040838","article-title":"Is it time to reconsider the U.S. recommendations for dietary protein and amino acid intake?","volume":"5","author":"Weiler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R8-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy087","article-title":"Recent advances in the characterization of skeletal muscle and whole-body protein responses to dietary protein and exercise during negative energy balance","volume":"10","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"R9-20250314","first-page":"180","volume":"10","author":"Stokes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent perspectives regarding the role of dietary protein for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy with resistance exercise training Nutrients"},{"key":"R10-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10110184","article-title":"The Neuromuscular fatigue-induced loss of muscle force control","volume":"10","author":"Pethick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"R11-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073909","article-title":"Central and peripheral fatigue in physical exercise explained: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Aguilera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R12-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040153","article-title":"Monitoring exercise-induced muscle fatigue and adaptations: Making sense of popular or emerging indices and biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Theofilidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"R13-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.194","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: General understanding and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"R14-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082457","article-title":"Muscle protein synthesis and whole-body protein turnover responses to ingesting essential amino acids, intact protein, and protein-containing mixed meals with considerations for energy deficit","volume":"12","author":"Gwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R15-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2021.01.005","article-title":"Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies","volume":"36","author":"Joanisse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Open Sci"},{"key":"R16-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1688_18","article-title":"Protein quality and amino acid requirements in relation to needs in India","volume":"148","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R17-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31890eb86","article-title":"Nutrition and Athletic Performance","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R18-20250314","first-page":"543","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"48","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R19-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157406","article-title":"Protein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method","volume":"11","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R20-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E741","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00174.2018","article-title":"Indicator amino acid oxidation protein requirement estimate in endurance-trained men 24 h postexercise exceeds both the EAR and current athleteguidelines","volume":"316","author":"Bandegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R21-20250314","first-page":"14","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing","volume":"29","author":"Kerksick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"R22-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9531.184546","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on musculoskeletal discomforts among handicraft workers","volume":"5","author":"Shakerian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Edu Health Promot"},{"key":"R23-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_416_22","article-title":"Relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, physical activity level, and academic stress among undergraduates students of University of Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Ikenna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Edu Health Promot"},{"key":"R24-20250314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.160325","article-title":"The effects of dietary protein intake on appendicular lean mass and muscle function in elderly men: A 10-wk randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Education and Health Promotion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_538_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:24:09Z","timestamp":1787837049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_538_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_538_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2277-9531","2319-6440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2277-9531","type":"print"},{"value":"2319-6440","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}