{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:39:53Z","timestamp":1786653593599,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed 93 hematology referrals of patients with undifferentiated lymphocytosis, focusing on patient experience and costs for both patients and the healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study at the Royal Victoria Health Center in Barrie, Ontario, and the Hudson Regional Cancer Program, Canada. Data included the nature of referrals (primary vs. secondary lymphocytosis), flow cytometry (FC)-based diagnosis, number of visits, time spent, healthcare costs, and patient experience through anonymous questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-four percent of patients were referred by their family physicians. FC results revealed that 56% of patients had primary lymphocytosis. The remaining cases were secondary lymphocytosis, with 90% of secondary cases being smoking-related. Only two patients required therapy for a newly diagnosed lymphoproliferative disorder. The average number of visits in 2023 was 1.98; 20% of patients spending 3 h or more per visit, including travel and appointment time. The reason for referral was explained to 80% of patients. While 50% of patients were nervous about attending the cancer center, over 90% felt reassured after the initial hematology consultation and found the information clear and satisfactory. However, 30% of patients reported that the visits were both financially draining and time-consuming. The total healthcare cost in 2023 was $758.42 per patient, with the total expense of $31,095 for cases of secondary lymphocytosis that did not require referral.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight that implementing FC in family practice can help distinguish primary from secondary lymphocytosis, reducing unnecessary hematology referrals, and potentially lowering healthcare costs, saving time, and reducing patient stress. This approach could lead to improved efficiency in the delivery of care and better utilization of healthcare resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_50_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T12:01:15Z","timestamp":1752494475000},"page":"217-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns and experiences of patients with undifferentiated lymphocytosis referred by primary care physicians in Canada"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Danny","family":"Dawd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gerard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hudson Regional Cancer Program, Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, Barrie, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouslan","family":"Kotchetkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hudson Regional Cancer Program, Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, Barrie, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250715","article-title":"Microcellular variant of T-prolymphocytic leukemia mimicking CLL","volume":"1","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Blood Disord Med"},{"key":"R2-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1159\/000531592","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia:Approach to chronic lymphocytosis","volume":"16","author":"Geres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"R3-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1159\/000516748","article-title":"Lymphocytosis with smudge cells is not equivalent to chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Susman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"R7-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-120535","article-title":"Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms","volume":"111","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R8-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation.V2012.1.475.3798515","article-title":"Malignant or benign leukocytosis","volume":"2012","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"R9-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190802251787","article-title":"Using peripheral smear review, age and absolute lymphocyte count as predictors of abnormal peripheral blood lymphocytoses diagnosed by flow cytometry","volume":"49","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"R10-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202545","article-title":"Predictive significance of absolute lymphocyte count and morphology in adults with a new onset peripheral blood lymphocytosis","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R11-20250715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1182\/hem.V12.6.4507","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to lymphocytosis","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematologist"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family and Community Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_50_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:46Z","timestamp":1786649986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_50_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_50_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2230-8229","2229-340X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2230-8229","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-340X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}