{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:31:50Z","timestamp":1787772710349,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hemodialysis (HD) requires blood exposure to infectious materials through the extracorporeal circulation for a prolonged period, and exposure to risk factors for nosocomial infections is always there.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients undergoing hemodialysis and evaluate the various modes of transmission involved in the causation of the infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 patients with chronic kidney disease, admitted to our hospital for HD, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate risk factors and data were generated to evaluate the significance of the association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 60 subjects, an anti-HCV antibody was detected in 31.68% of patients and 11.66% of patients were positive for HBsAg. The maximum anti-HBV-positive patients were in &gt;60 years of age group (11.53%), whereas the maximum HCV-positive patients were between 41 and 50 age group (23.07%). Most of the HCV-positive patients (54.54%), as well as HBV-positive patients (23.52%), received hemodialysis 50 to 100 times. The major primary disease-causing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) included chronic nephritis (35%). The duration of dialysis, multiple blood transfusions, drug addiction, and body piercing\/tattooing were also observed as significant risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In HD patients, viral hepatitis poses a significant health hazard, particularly in developing countries. HBV vaccination, strict adherence to the universal precautions, segregation of HBV-positive patients can control HBV infection in HD units. However, for HCV, the absence of a specific vaccine and the nosocomial transmission of the virus increase the peril more.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1017_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T01:12:59Z","timestamp":1648516379000},"page":"1348-1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in Patients undergoing hemodialysis at a teaching hospital in Uttarakhand"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dimple","family":"Raina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Department, 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