{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:31:01Z","timestamp":1787758261256,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n are the primary pathogens causing urethritis. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology in conjunction with the Department of Dermatology and STD of our hospital. The aim of the study was to detect\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n among men with urethritis and to determine the anti-microbial susceptibility of the\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n All cases were subjected to direct Gram\u2019s smear examination and culture of urethral discharge (\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n ), real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent antibody test (\n C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n ). All\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were subjected to anti-microbial susceptibility testing and were tested for \u00df-lactamase production by chromogenic cephalosporin test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n Data were expressed as percentages. Fisher\u2019s exact test was used to evaluate statistical significance in the case of unpaired categorical data. Agreement between the methods was assessed by using kappa statistics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Gonococcal infection was detected in 58.1% cases, and\n C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n was detected in 14% cases. However, both were detected in 12% cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of direct Gram\u2019s smear examination and culture of urethral discharge were found to be 100% when compared to culture for\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n . Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test proved to be a valuable test aiding in the diagnosis of chlamydial urethritis with a majority of positive cases showing 20\u201330 elementary bodies. We detected our first gonococcal isolate with decreased susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, ceftriaxone, cefixime, and cefpodoxime (MIC for ceftriaxone = 0.19 mg\/ml).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n Optimal management of urethritis and strategies to prevent its transmission depend on accurate detection of infected persons. Our study demonstrates the utility and limitations of different laboratory tests including anti-microbial sensitivity testing for\n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_10_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T07:34:07Z","timestamp":1666164847000},"page":"5551-5555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study of gonococcal and chlamydial urethritis: Old culprits with a new story"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tanisha","family":"Bharara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Shree Gurugobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preena","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hindu Rao Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010173","article-title":"Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis increases significantly with level of urbanisation and suggests targeted screening approaches:Results from the first population based study in the Netherlands","volume":"81","author":"Vanbergen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"B2-20240828","first-page":"12","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs","volume":"14","author":"Gerbase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.148374","article-title":"Rising trend of antimicrobial resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and the emergence of N. gonorrhoeae isolate with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone","volume":"33","author":"Bharara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Micobiol"},{"key":"B4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70038-3","article-title":"Etiology of nongonococcal, nonchlamydial urethritis","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"B5-20240828","first-page":"469","article-title":"Nonspecific urethritis and reactive arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Galadari","year":"2004","journal-title":"DermatolClin"},{"key":"B8-20240828","first-page":"92","article-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Twenty-First Informational Supplement"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1258\/095646202760159701","article-title":"High incidence of treatment failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to ciprofloxacin in male gonococcal urethritis in Delhi","volume":"13","author":"Chawdhary","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.51245","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in Assam:An experience in a tertiary care referral hospital","volume":"75","author":"Saikia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"B11-20240828","first-page":"92","article-title":"A study of non-gonococcal urethritis, presumably venereal in origin, based upon 588 infections in 529 patients","volume":"31","author":"Gartman","year":"1955","journal-title":"Brit J Vener Dis"},{"key":"B12-20240828","first-page":"429","article-title":"Chlamydial infection. 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