{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:26:19Z","timestamp":1791419179169,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes and hypertension are major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is known to be the leading cause of global mortality in the world today. Studies have shown that the prevalence of these risk factors is on the rise, with the burden of diabetes alone increasing by 80% in the last two decades. Complications of diabetes and hypertension result in huge public health challenges for the country and catastrophic medical expenditures for families among the urban poor. Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community of Bengaluru city.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months where 2245 individuals aged 30 or older were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire used to capture sociodemographic details that assessed modifiable risk factors for diabetes and hypertension. Inclusion criteria for diabetes were considered if the random blood sugar reading was \u2265200 mg\/dL, whereas a diagnosis of hypertension was taken into consideration if the systolic blood pressure reading was \u2265140 mmHg and\/or diastolic blood pressure was \u226590 mmHg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 2245 participants that took part in the study, 15.5% were diabetics and 17.2% were hypertensive. There was a strong association of diabetes among consumers of alcohol, with more than one-third having a high prevalence of the disease (odds ratio (OR): 2.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.1\u20133.9). More than half the population were consumers of junk food; the prevalence of diabetes in this group was 1.35 times higher than that in their counterparts (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.0\u20131.8). A significant association of diabetes was also seen among those identified with central obesity (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.4\u20132.5). One-third of the population who consumed alcohol were found to be diagnosed with hypertension (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.6\u20135.9), and one-fifth of individuals who were regular consumers of junk food had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.1\u20131.8). A higher prevalence of hypertension was also seen among individuals with central obesity or a body mass index (BMI) of &gt;30 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.2\u20132.1; OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.4\u20132.6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from our study conducted in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru city shed light on the significant associations between diabetes and hypertension and various demographic and lifestyle factors. Specifically, male gender and lower educational status were found to have a significant association with diabetes, whereas being unmarried and having a high BMI status were strongly linked to hypertension. In addition, the study revealed that elderly individuals, alcohol consumers, junk food eaters, and those with central obesity demonstrated an increased risk for both diabetes and hypertension. By identifying these risk factors, targeted interventions can be developed to address the unique challenges faced by this vulnerable section of society. Strategies can be designed to raise awareness, encourage healthier lifestyle choices, and improve access to healthcare services to effectively prevent and manage diabetes and hypertension in this community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1713772939000},"page":"1440-1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community in Bangalore city, India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hosptial, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avita R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah N.","family":"Fathima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Mundackal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0117-3","article-title":"Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):Case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - Global burden of disease and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30174-2","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India:Results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Anjana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1915","article-title":"Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in visceral fat mass","volume":"101","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4939-5","article-title":"Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course","volume":"62","author":"Huebschmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01255-z","article-title":"Molecular basis of ageing in chronic metabolic diseases","volume":"43","author":"Spinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198343","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus among middle-aged and elderly people in a rural Chinese population:A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20240828","first-page":"e12747","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and its relationship with body mass index among elderly people in a rural area of northeastern state of India","volume":"13","author":"Medhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0411","article-title":"Socioeconomic gradients and distribution of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in India","volume":"2","author":"Corsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-017-0010-5","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of hypertension in a semi-rural population of Southern India","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"R15-20240828","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus:A review","volume":"11","author":"Sami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160402","article-title":"Prevalence of central obesity among adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in northeast China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-021-10171-3","article-title":"Physical exercise protects against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i5.245","article-title":"Alcohol-induced hypertension:Mechanism and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Husain","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11681-0","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural China","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.198668","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural &urban Tamil Nadu","volume":"144","author":"Oommen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:33:21Z","timestamp":1787769201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-19","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}