{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:18:40Z","timestamp":1791357520151,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suicide remains a psychiatric emergency, tragedy, a public health burden, and for those aged 15-29, is the second leading cause of death globally. Stigma attached to psychiatric disorders and suicide means many people feel unable to seek help.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim of Work:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We highlighted confusing nosology, psychopathology, neurobiological underpinnings, typology, and, risk factor pertinent to suicide. A road-map to the clinical assessment and management of suicide has also been provided. Last, but not least, we tried to dispel the long-held myths about suicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews were searched for all relevant studies up to date of Jan, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suicide is self-inflicted death with evidence (explicit\/implicit) of intention to die. Suicide reflects many disparate determinants release\/relief, response-to the disordered thinking, religious, revenge, rebirth, reunification or rational. 5-HT deficiency appears central to the neurobiology of suicide. Durkheim proposed 4 types of suicide (egoistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic). Risk factors for suicide entail both static and dynamic factors. Dynamic factors encompass both clinical and situational variables. Shneidman's concepts of perturbation and psychache are very crucial to consider when assessing the risk. Suicide rating scales are only ancillary with the Modified high-risk construct scale balances vectors of suicidality versus survivality. Myths germane to suicide abound that need to be demystified. Psychiatric management capitalizes on determining a setting for treatment and supervision, attending to patient's safety, as well as working to establish a cooperative and collaborative physician-patient relationship. This entails both psychosocial 'package' and somatic treatments and the best outcomes mandate well-keeled combined approaches. Pharmacologic interventions aim chiefly at acute symptomatic relief. Recently, heaps of data accrue speaking to the idea of ground-breaking 'anti-suicidal' agents that might alleviate suicidal ideation (SI)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suicide continues to be a complex public health problem of global calibre. It is variably tied to a myriad of risk factors underscoring likely etiological heterogeneity. That said, suicides can, at least partially, be prevented by restricting access to means of suicide, by training primary care physicians and health workers to identify people at risk as well as to assess and manage respective crises, provide adequate follow-up care and address the way this is portrayed in the media. A host of psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, or neuromodulatory treatments of mental disorders are readily available that can alter this acrimonious trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_12_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T05:57:47Z","timestamp":1598939867000},"page":"4009-4015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Suicide: A Pr\u00e9cis!"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Naguy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Psychiatrist, Alexandria, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hytham","family":"Elbadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Psychiatrist, General Organization for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Psychiatrist, Kuwait Centre for Mental Health, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X0001104406","article-title":"Notes on mental disorders in Pharaonic Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Okasha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry"},{"key":"R2-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2","article-title":"Suicide and suicidal behaviour","volume":"387","author":"Turecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1996.tb00609.x","article-title":"Beyond the tower of Babel: A nomenclature for suicidology","volume":"26","author":"O'Carroll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Suicide Life- Threat Behav"},{"key":"R4-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071425","article-title":"Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective","volume":"15","author":"Bachmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R5-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833063e1","article-title":"Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior","volume":"21","author":"Cash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"R6-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v2i2.60","article-title":"The relationship between suicide and Islam: A cross-national study","volume":"2","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Inj Violence Res"},{"key":"R7-20260817","first-page":"194","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 t0 2016: Systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"364","author":"Naghavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R10-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000528","article-title":"Suicide as a distorted goal-directed process: Wanting to die, killing and being killed","volume":"204","author":"Valach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R11-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1979.tb00560.x","article-title":"Suicide in France: Some hypotheses","volume":"9","author":"Farber","year":"1979","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"R12-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018697","article-title":"The interpersonal theory of suicide","volume":"117","author":"Van Orden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"R13-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.617","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for life-time suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey","volume":"56","author":"Kessler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R14-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70220-2","article-title":"The neurobiology of suicide","volume":"1","author":"Van Heeringen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.729","article-title":"A serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and prefrontal cortical binding in major depression and suicide","volume":"57","author":"Mann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R16-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1902944","article-title":"Suicide","volume":"382","author":"Fazel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R18-20260817","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coping and suicide risk in high-risk psychiatric patients","volume":"20","author":"Ambrus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"R19-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000502","article-title":"Clinical correlates of planned and unplanned suicide attempts","volume":"204","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R20-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00540","article-title":"Suicide and youth: Risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Bilsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R21-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000691","article-title":"Suicidality and survivability in schizophrenia","volume":"205","author":"Naguy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R22-20260817","first-page":"1606","article-title":"The family doctor and the prevention of suicide","volume":"28","author":"Sakinofsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"R23-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217613","article-title":"Clinical assessment of suicide risk and suicide attempters' self-reported suicide intent: A cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Choo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R24-20260817","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of patients with suicidal ideation","volume":"59","author":"Gliatto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"R25-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2015.019","article-title":"Measurement scales of suicidal ideation and attitudes: A systematic review article","volume":"5","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"R26-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1693-z","article-title":"Accuracy of risk scales for predicting repeat self-harm and suicide: A multi-centre, population-level cohort study using routine clinical data","volume":"18","author":"Steeg","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"R27-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(66)90132-2","article-title":"The respectability of self-poisoning and the fashion of survival","volume":"10","author":"Kessel","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R29-20260817","first-page":"35","article-title":"Mental health: Debunking myths around suicide","volume":"20","author":"Bruns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurs N Z"},{"key":"R30-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12378","article-title":"Suicide risk assessment: Myth and reality","volume":"68","author":"Large","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R31-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.25.6.457","article-title":"Autonomy, rationality and the wish to die","volume":"25","author":"Clarke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"R32-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000615","article-title":"Can religion protect against suicide?","volume":"205","author":"Norko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R33-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000484","article-title":"Religion as a risk factor for suicide attempt and suicide ideation among depressed patients","volume":"204","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R34-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/09638230802370696","article-title":"Suicide","volume":"18","author":"Lipczynska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"R35-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.2\/uhegerl","article-title":"Prevention of suicide behaviour","volume":"18","author":"Hegerl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R36-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2017.058","article-title":"Suicidality: Prevention, detection and intervention","volume":"40","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"R37-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000264","article-title":"Adolescent depression-pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy?","volume":"37","author":"Naguy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"R38-20260817","first-page":"44","article-title":"Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: Updates and new findings","volume":"64","author":"Baldessarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R39-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.1.82","article-title":"Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT)","volume":"60","author":"Meltzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R40-20260817","first-page":"29","article-title":"Use of ketamine in acute cases of suicidality","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R41-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15040535","article-title":"Ultra-low-dose buprenorphine as a time-limited treatment for severe suicidal ideation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"173","author":"Yovell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R42-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.07.007","article-title":"Psychopharmacology of suicide","volume":"36","author":"Naguy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"R43-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-016-0067-8","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and suicide prevention","volume":"3","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psych"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_12_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:18:38Z","timestamp":1787843918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_12_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_12_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-02","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}