{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:38:12Z","timestamp":1787841492019,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The global increasing prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorders and symptoms among various age groups and nationalities is considered a great clinical challenge. However, limited data are available on this topic in the Middle East and Gulf Council Countries. This study aimed to raise awareness of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adults in Bahrain by determining its prevalence and risk factors among patients attending primary healthcare centers<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients attending primary healthcare centers in Bahrain. A self-administered online questionnaire using Google form, a free online survey-creating website, was distributed through WhatsApp messages. A snowball sampling technique was used. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: the socio-demographic data of participants, the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory, and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 614 participants were included with a mean age of 30.04 \u00b1 13.04 years. Most participants were females (82.5%) and single (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 347, 56.5%). The estimated prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among the participants was 15%; most of them reported mild symptoms (85%). Significantly higher obsession and compulsion symptoms were found among non-Bahraini (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.002), single (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.033), and student participants (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002) compared to their counterparts, respectively. In addition, undergraduates reported higher obsessions compared to other participants (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.005).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Approximately, one in every eight people in Bahrain were found to suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms, especially single, students, and non-Bahraini participants. These findings highlight the need for raising awareness of obsessive-compulsive disorder and its symptoms as well as the importance of early detection and management of obsessive-compulsive disorder.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1721959677000},"page":"3031-3037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adult population in primary care centers in Bahrain \u2013 A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abeer A.","family":"Alsaweer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneera","family":"Tareq Darraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaikha","family":"Mahmood Janahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Yusuf Aljowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasra","family":"Salem Almoammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayla","family":"Isa Alkhater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhanoof Bader","family":"Aldoseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer Abdullatif","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysha Khalid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezah Ahmed","family":"Khaliqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal Ali","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Almarabheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariwan","family":"Husni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R2-20240828","first-page":"S140","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbid with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"61","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1189","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R4-20240828","first-page":"234","article-title":"Prevalence and comorbidity of depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders among Saudi secondary school girls, Taif area, KSA","volume":"18","author":"Desouky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.55308","article-title":"Prevalence of psychological symptoms in Saudi secondary school girls in Abha, Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Al Gelban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"R6-20240828","first-page":"8","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of psychiatric disorders in primary health care visits in Qatar: Too little time?","volume":"4","author":"Bener","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.12816\/0003084","article-title":"Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients attending psychotherapy in a tertiary care hospital in Oman","volume":"12","author":"Al-Sharbati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"R8-20240828","first-page":"2","article-title":"Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol 37, No. 2, June 2015","volume":"37","author":"Ismail","year":"2015"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/002076409804400207","article-title":"OCD in Bahrain: A phenomenological profile","volume":"44","author":"Shooka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632013000200002","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive phenomenology in a sample of Egyptian adolescent population","volume":"27","author":"Rady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01495-7","article-title":"Risk factors for obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Follow-up of a community-based youth cohort","volume":"30","author":"Macul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001247","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"50","author":"Fullana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R13-20240828","first-page":"680","article-title":"Prevalence rates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents in Iran","volume":"49","author":"Shams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152116","article-title":"The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders: A question of diagnostic boundaries or simply severity of symptoms?","volume":"94","author":"Vigne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.2013532","article-title":"Association between obsession, compulsion, depression and insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s41470-020-00077-x","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on cognitive errors and obsessive-compulsive disorders among young people during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"62","author":"Darvishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super (2007)"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000640","article-title":"Optimizing obsessive-compulsive symptom measurement with the yale-brown obsessive-compulsive scales-second edition","volume":"28","author":"Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001017","article-title":"Reevaluating the psychometric properties of symptom measures within longitudinal contexts: The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale and dimensional obsessive-compulsive scale","volume":"33","author":"Kuckertz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114551954","article-title":"The Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"22","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00431","article-title":"Criterion validity of the yale-brown obsessive-compulsive scale second edition for diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults","volume":"9","author":"Castro-Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R21-20240828","first-page":"184","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the obsessive compulsive beliefs questionnaire-44 in a student population","volume":"7","author":"Rahat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043808718820683","DOI":"10.1177\/2043808718820683","article-title":"Acceptance and efficacy of a metacognitive self-help intervention in an Arabic-speaking mixed patient sample with depression and\/or obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Moritz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594167","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.594167","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder among urban residents in Wuhan during the stage of regular control of coronavirus disease-19 epidemic","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02433-2","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Blanco-Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:57:54Z","timestamp":1787839074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_13_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-16","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}