{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:56:41Z","timestamp":1792083401387,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a significant occupational hazard for healthcare workers (HCWs), particularly in low and middle-income countries with limited routine postvaccination surveillance. While primary vaccination confers robust protection, immunity may wane over time, and the immunological mechanisms underlying nonresponsiveness remain poorly defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a cross-sectional study among 119 HCWs at a tertiary care biomedical research institute in India. Participants completed structured questionnaires on HBV vaccination history and underwent serological testing for hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs). Titers \u226510 mIU\/mL were considered protective. A representative subset (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6) underwent immunophenotyping by multicolor flow cytometry to characterize memory B cells, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell subsets, and natural killer (NK) cells. Associations between seroprotection and demographic or occupational variables were assessed using logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 113 HCWs tested, 61.1% had protective anti-HBs titers. Recent vaccination (&lt;5 years) was strongly associated with seroprotection (OR 9.99, 95% CI 3.45\u201328.92,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), while vaccination 5\u201310 years prior showed a moderate association (OR 5.20, 95% CI 1.16\u201323.31,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031). Immunophenotyping revealed higher NK cell and class-switched memory B cell frequencies among responders compared to nonresponders, who exhibited skewed B cell maturation and reduced effector memory T cell populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Durability of HBV vaccine-induced immunity among HCWs is suboptimal beyond 10 years, with immunophenotypic signatures suggesting cellular correlates of nonresponsiveness. These findings support routine serological monitoring and consideration of booster strategies tailored to immune profile in high-risk occupational groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1523_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:00:31Z","timestamp":1770372031000},"page":"281-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hepatitis B vaccine immunity in healthcare workers: Seroprotection and cellular immune signatures of waning response"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Naveen C.","family":"Khargekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Pujari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreyasi","family":"Athalye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Mallik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Jodhawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anindita","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, ICMR- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection:A systematic review of data 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