{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:30:14Z","timestamp":1786739414777,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral health is a pivotal sign of overall health, well-being, and quality of life. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), insights into the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and oral diseases are urgently needed to elucidate the oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2. The current review aims at analyzing various reports available on oral symptoms along with possible causation, their relationship to the time of occurrence of clinical symptoms, and to shape guidelines for dental practices that could help in combating this global pandemic. The common symptoms that patients report to the dental office even at the presymptomatic stage are ageusia (loss of taste), non-specific anosmia (loss of smell\u2014not associated with rhinitis), and hyposalivation. Few studies also report unexplained ulcers in the oral cavity, desquamative gingivitis, herpetiform ulcers on attached gingiva, blisters\/irregular ulcers on the tongue's dorsal surface enlargement of submandibular glands, and cervical lymph node enlargement. Dental surgeons should abide by the prevalent precautionary guidelines. They are at very high risk due to their close contact with patients and exposure to saliva and blood during treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1605_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T09:31:56Z","timestamp":1611653516000},"page":"102-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oral manifestations and dental practice recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Family Dental Center, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsh","family":"Priya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitika","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260813","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronavirus Disease (covid-19) Pandemic"},{"key":"R2-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the sars-cov-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ace2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R4-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0150199","article-title":"A filterable virus, distinct from that of laryngotracheitis, the cause of a respiratory disease of chicks","volume":"15","author":"Beach","year":"1936","journal-title":"Poul Sci"},{"key":"R5-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5448.1467","article-title":"Cultivation of a novel type of common-cold virus in organ cultures","volume":"1","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R6-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1071\/MA20013","article-title":"Covid-19: A novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: What we know and what we don't","volume":"41","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol Aust"},{"key":"R7-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R8-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01664","article-title":"Identification of sars-cov-2 cell entry inhibitors by drug repurposing using in silico structure-based virtual screening approach?","volume":"11","author":"Choudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R9-20260813","first-page":"1769","article-title":"Covid-19 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: What is the evidence?","volume":"323","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R10-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R11-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R12-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30287-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of covid-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in shenzhen, china: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"2020;20","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","article-title":"Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents","volume":"104","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R14-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of sars-cov-2 as compared with sars-cov-1","volume":"382","author":"Van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R15-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054","article-title":"Covid-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal\u2013oral transmission","volume":"158","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R16-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000319","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with covid-19","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"R17-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105730","article-title":"Airborne transmission of sars-cov-2: The world should face the reality","volume":"139","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"R18-20260813","first-page":"74","article-title":"Covid-19: A brief clinical overview","volume":"7","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Geriatr Care Res"},{"key":"R19-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30153-3","article-title":"Antihypertensive drugs and risk of covid-19?","volume":"8","author":"Tignanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"R20-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e174","article-title":"Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in covid-19 patients","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"R21-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","article-title":"Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in covid-19 patients: Single-center experience on 72 cases","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"R22-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1051\/mbcb\/2020011","article-title":"Oral manifestation of covid-19 as an inaugural symptom?","volume":"26","author":"Chaux-Bodard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Med Oral Surg"},{"key":"R23-20260813","article-title":"Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Mart\u00edn Carreras-Presas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R24-20260813","article-title":"Viral enanthema in oral mucosa: A possible diagnostic challenge in the covid-19 pandemic","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R25-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with covid-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective case series study","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R26-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (covid-19): A multicenter european study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R27-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v5i1.374","article-title":"Characteristic temporary loss of taste and olfactory senses in sars-cov-2-positive-individuals with mild symptoms","volume":"5","author":"Schmithausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens and Immunity"},{"key":"R28-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: Common findings in covid-19 patients","volume":"130","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R29-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: A cross-sectional study","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R30-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0074-x","article-title":"High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-ncov on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R31-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"R32-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81749-0","article-title":"Analysis of ACE2 in polarized epithelial cells: Surface expression and function as receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus","volume":"87","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R33-20260813","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in a covid-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations","author":"dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R34-20260813","article-title":"Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (covid-19): A letter-to-editor","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R35-20260813","article-title":"Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Ciccarese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R36-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2020.05.002","article-title":"Unique skin manifestations of covid-19: Is drug eruption specific to covid-19?","volume":"99","author":"Sakaida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"R37-20260813","article-title":"Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of covid-19","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R38-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1252","article-title":"Covid-19: What treatments are being investigated?","volume":"368","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R40-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R41-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa206","article-title":"Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic sars-cov-2 infections: A three-family cluster study in China","volume":"221","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R42-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","article-title":"Transmission of 2019-ncov infection from an asymptomatic contact in germany","volume":"382","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R43-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2004.0207","article-title":"Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications","volume":"135","author":"Harrel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1605_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:48Z","timestamp":1786735728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1605_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1605_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}