{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:24:48Z","timestamp":1787837088934,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia either due to insulin resistance or due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency. Poorly controlled DM may result in both macrovascular and\/or microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy [DR]. Dilated eye examination is the most commonly employed method to diagnose DR. Nonmydriatic artificial intelligence [AI]\u2013based technologies are the now available to screen DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in urban field practice area of our medical college for 2 months duration. A total of 95 patients with type 2 DM were interviewed using predesigned, pretested semistructured schedule to collect data. Medical records were reviewed to collect relevant information. DR was screened using AI-based DR screening instrument, and venous blood sample was collected for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) testing. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS [version 16]. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value \u2264 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of DR was 17.9% in our study. Around 76.9% respondents had high fasting blood glucose [FBG: \u2265126 mg\/dl], and majority of the respondents [73.7%] had HbA1C value &gt;7%. DR was significantly associated with FBG level, longer duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and kidney disease in univariate logistic regression and, in multivariable logistic regression, FBG level, presence of dyslipidemia and kidney disease retained their significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study had used AI-based DR screening instrument, to screen DR among T2DM patients. AI-based DR screening system can be encouraged in mass screening camps, especially in areas with inadequate number of ophthalmologists. This study also evaluated some important modifiable predictors of DR. Appropriate and early identification of such predictors may prevent DR-related blindness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1693_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T13:00:09Z","timestamp":1748696409000},"page":"1871-1877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diabetic retinopathy screening using artificial intelligence and its predictors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an urban area of Durgapur"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Poulami","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intern, IQ City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayanti","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumit","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250602","first-page":"24","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome and its determinants among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending integrated diabetes and gestational diabetes clinic of a tertiary healthcare level hospital of eastern India","volume":"18","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"R3-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.26.2.77","article-title":"Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"R4-20250602","first-page":"678","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy screening guidelines in India: All India Ophthalmological Society diabetic retinopathy task force and Vitreoretinal Society of India Consensus Statement","volume":"69","author":"Raman","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Mar"},{"key":"R5-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442","article-title":"Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030","volume":"3","author":"Mathers","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R6-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3322_20","article-title":"The All India Ophthalmological Society-Academic and Research Committee pan-India diabetic retinopathy project \u201cFixing the missing link\u201d: Prevalence data from West Bengal","volume":"69","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.178144","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in India: The All India Ophthalmological Society Diabetic Retinopathy Eye Screening Study 2014","volume":"64","author":"Gadkari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"R9-20250602","first-page":"242","article-title":"Clinical predictors of diabetic retinopathy progression;A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R10-20250602","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R11-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301378","article-title":"The number of ophthalmologists in practice and training worldwide: A growing gap despite more than 200,000 practitioners","volume":"96","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20250602","first-page":"375","article-title":"Screening for vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy in South India: Comparing portable non-mydriatic and standard fundus cameras and clinical exam","volume":"32","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Lond Engl"},{"key":"R13-20250602","first-page":"451","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for diabetic retinopathy screening: A review","volume":"34","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Lond Engl"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R18-20250602","first-page":"S81","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R19-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R20-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R21-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S84","article-title":"Retinopathy in diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Fong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R22-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229665","article-title":"Hypertension, blood pressure control and diabetic retinopathy in a large population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R23-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.122087","article-title":"Predictors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have normoalbuminuria","volume":"3","author":"Karoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R24-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0019","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Urban India: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study, I","volume":"46","author":"Rema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R25-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-016-0047-6","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: A case\u2013control study","volume":"2","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"R26-20250602","first-page":"217","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario","volume":"125","author":"Mohan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res March"},{"key":"R27-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005\u20132008","volume":"304","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R28-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2010.12.002","article-title":"Predicting the risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"25","author":"Semeraro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"R29-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.292.3066","article-title":"Risk factors of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"Hussain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R30-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.12.043","article-title":"Gender differences in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study","volume":"103","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R31-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0884-6","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy. The Beijing Eye Study 2006","volume":"246","author":"Xi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.12.008","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with young onset Type 1 and Type 2","volume":"28","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"R33-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.027","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in migrant Indians in an urbanized society in Asia","volume":"119","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2014.05.004","article-title":"Correlation of C-reactive protein and body mass index with diabetic retinopathy in Indian population","volume":"9","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"R35-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.12.003","article-title":"Obesity and eye diseases","volume":"52","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7208","article-title":"Are obesity and anthropometry risk factors for diabetic retinopathy? The diabetes management project","volume":"52","author":"Dirani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R37-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.53055","article-title":"1. Diabetic retinopathy, visual impairment and ocular status among patients with diabetes mellitus in Yemen: A hospital-based study","volume":"57","author":"Bamashmus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.48787","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in self-reported rural population with diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Rani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"R39-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.02.007","article-title":"Factor analysis of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients","volume":"92","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clinical Pract"},{"key":"R40-20250602","first-page":"636","article-title":"Serum lipids and diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"1","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Enam Med Coll"},{"key":"R41-20250602","first-page":"646","article-title":"Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in retinopathy of type I (insulindependent) diabetic patients","volume":"25","author":"Sinav","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58591","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770522.x","article-title":"The association of hyperlipidemia with retinopathy in diabetic patients aged 1550 years in the county of Ume\u00e5","volume":"77","author":"Larsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R43-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302008000300003","article-title":"Fatores de Risco para Retinopatia Diab\u00e9tica","volume":"52","author":"Esteves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endrocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R44-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492010000300010","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de retinopatia diab\u00e9tica na popula\u00e7\u00e3o portadora de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do munic\u00edpio de Luzerna\u2013SC","volume":"73","author":"Jost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R45-20250602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.48","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in omani type 2 diabetics in Al-dakhiliyah region","volume":"27","author":"Alrawahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1693_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:15:27Z","timestamp":1787836527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1693_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1693_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-08","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}