{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1787772241157,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genital ulcer disease (GUD) is regarded as the most difficult conundrum for clinicians, as valid and rapid methods to diagnose them are limited, especially in India. The sexual behavior of an individual plays a role in the causation of GUD, and it depends on psychological, behavioral, and social well-being, which was significantly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the etiology of genital ulcers by using simple, rapid microbiological methods and to study various factors associated with them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various rapid tests like staining (Giemsa, Gram, and Diff Quick) and serology for antibody detection were used to diagnose agents causing genital ulcers among 71 suspected patients during the study period of 1 year. After due informed consent, sociodemographic and behavioral factors were recorded in proforma and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid tests could aid in diagnosing 47.9% of cases of GUD. Turnaround time was less than 60 minutes for all tests carried out. Genital herpes was the most common GUD followed by syphilis. Male gender (74.6%), age group of more than 34 years old (62%), literate (71.8%), and earning (70.4%) constituted most of the population presenting with GUD. Behavioral factors like promiscuity with a known person (83.1%) had a significant association (P 0.04) with GUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid diagnostic tests could assist in the early treatment of GUD cases. Factors like literacy, financial independence, and promiscuity with known individuals were associated with GUD in our study during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1729_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T08:03:06Z","timestamp":1713772986000},"page":"1473-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genital ulcer disease: Study of factors associated and utility of rapid diagnostic methods in current pandemic"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dhanashree P.","family":"Inamdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Basavaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030538","article-title":"The impact of genital ulcers on HIV transmission has been underestimated-A critical review","volume":"14","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001566","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on centers for disease control and prevention-funded sexually transmitted disease programs","volume":"49","author":"Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2022.01.004","article-title":"Genital ulcers caused by sexually transmitted agents","volume":"97","author":"Cunha Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063953","article-title":"Etiology of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted infection reference centre in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"8","author":"Gomes Naveca","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806605","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.806605","article-title":"The Diagnostic accuracy of syndromic management for genital ulcer disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182663e22","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease in India:Etiologies and performance of current syndrome guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200210000-00001","article-title":"The etiology and management of genital ulcers in the Dominican Republic and Peru","volume":"29","author":"Sanchez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.156686","article-title":"Molecular methods in the laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"36","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2111_21","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease:A review","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.052","article-title":"Point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections in low-resource settings","volume":"28","author":"Vargas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annale.2022.100046","article-title":"Tourism, job vulnerability and income inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic:A global perspective","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Tour Res Empir Insights"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577684","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.577684","article-title":"The psychological and social impact of Covid-19:New perspectives of well-being","volume":"11","author":"Saladino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00169.x","article-title":"Rising incidence of genital herpes over two decades in a sexually transmitted disease clinic in North India","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/318294","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R15-20240828","first-page":"475","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in herpes genitalis:A polymerase chain reaction-based study from Kerala","volume":"63","author":"Mathew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R16-20240828","first-page":"559","article-title":"Changing trends in sexually transmitted infections at a Regional STD Centre in north India","volume":"124","author":"Ray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.150425","article-title":"Epidemiology of Haemophilus ducreyi infection","volume":"22","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Beiras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18-20240828","first-page":"203636","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease:How worrisome is it today? A status report from New Delhi, India","volume":"2013","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001875","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001875","article-title":"The global and regional burden of genital ulcer disease due to herpes simplex virus:A natural history modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Looker","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20203848","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among reproductive age group females presenting with genital ulcer:Study from a tertiary care Centre in India","volume":"9","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R21-20240828","first-page":"355","article-title":"Genital ulcers:Differential diagnosis and management","volume":"101","author":"Roett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"R22-20240828","first-page":"a444","article-title":"Etiology of genital ulcer disease and associated factors among Mthatha public clinic attendees","volume":"37","author":"Tshaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"S Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2018.10.020","article-title":"Genital ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus","volume":"37","author":"Parra-Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-6-958","article-title":"Genital herpes simplex virus infections:Clinical manifestations, course, and complications","volume":"98","author":"Corey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_18_203","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 2 and cytomegalovirus perigenital ulcer in an HIV infected woman","volume":"36","author":"Rawre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475419858955","article-title":"Genital ulcer disease:A review of pathogenesis and clinical features","volume":"23","author":"Maliyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000861","article-title":"Socioeconomic vulnerability and sexually transmitted infection among pregnant Haitian women","volume":"45","author":"Scheidell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9594-2","article-title":"High risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Ghebremichael","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"R31-20240828","first-page":"726","article-title":"Laboratory examination of syphilis","volume":"5","author":"Purwoko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Med"},{"key":"R33-20240828","first-page":"WC13","article-title":"Role of Tzanck Smear cytology in dermatology:A clinicopathological study","volume":"16","author":"Shruthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R34-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01370.x","article-title":"Performance of a novel test for IgM and IgG antibodies in subjects with culture-documented genital herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 -infection","volume":"12","author":"Morrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3390\/idr13020049","article-title":"Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus:Laboratory and point-of-care techniques","volume":"13","author":"Nath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R37-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.100850","article-title":"Serum HSV-1 and 2 IgM in sexually transmitted diseases-More for screening less for diagnosis:An Evaluation of clinical manifestation","volume":"4","author":"Tada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"R38-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/851610","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"16","author":"Alfa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R39-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2018.02.008","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections","volume":"46","author":"Raffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R40-20240828","first-page":"200","article-title":"A rapid stain for the diagnosis of granuloma inguinale","volume":"66","author":"O'Farrell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1729_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:33:36Z","timestamp":1787769216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1729_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1729_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}