{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:41:28Z","timestamp":1786650088392,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Clinical experience suggests that childhood nephrotic syndrome is frequently diagnosed incorrectly and managed inadequately on the top of this existing UTI in the episode becomes an additive obstacle for the primary care physicians or pediatricians towards optimum management, leading to poor outcome. So, we have conducted this clinico- microbiological study of UTI in NS in children to provide the exact picture of UTI with NS so that the primary care providers can be helped in having high index of suspicion of this infection and knowing prevalent organisms and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to study clinical features and identify the responsible organisms with its drug sensitivity pattern with response to treatment in various types and stages of NS with UTI in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted on 50 children of 2-18 years of age with NS attending nephrology clinic or admitted to the Paediatric ward of AIIMS, Rishikesh. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were recorded and details were entered in a predesigned proforma sheet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 50 cases, 8 (16%) had a positive urine culture. Six (75%) out of them had first episode and two (25%) were frequent relapsers of NS. Fever, decreased urine output, and generalized edema were the presenting features. The most common bacteria responsible for UTI was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in around 25% isolates).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Citrobacter koseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the most resistant organisms. Patients were treated with antibiotics according to sensitivity pattern which resulted in resolution of symptoms and repeat urine culture became sterile subsequently.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About one-sixth of children with Nephrotic Syndrome had UTI. UTI should be ruled out in every case of NS in active phase to prevent long-term morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1795_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1671607532000},"page":"6801-6806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Urinary tract infection in children with Nephrotic syndrome: One of the hurdles for primary care physician and pediatrician towards timely diagnosis and optimum management of the disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shubham K.","family":"Indurkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriti","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balram Ji","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Chacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199603000-00012","article-title":"UTI in NS","volume":"15","author":"Gulati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R3-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197708000-00012","article-title":"Decreased serum factor B associated with opsonisation of E.coli idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"McLean","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"R4-20260109","first-page":"245","article-title":"UTI in children with primary NS and acute Glomerulonephritis","volume":"29","author":"Adedoyin","year":"2010","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"R5-20260109","first-page":"235","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in children with primary nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis","volume":"29","author":"Adedoyin","year":"2010","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"R6-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy165","article-title":"Delays in diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome in children:A survey study","volume":"24","author":"Hollis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Heal"},{"key":"R7-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00285.x","article-title":"Clinical profile of children with nephrotic syndrome not on glucocorticoid therapy but presenting with infection","volume":"40","author":"Alwadhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"R8-20260109","first-page":"59","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in Port \u2013Harcourt Clinical presentation and response to steroids","volume":"17","author":"Eke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Niger J Pediatr"},{"key":"R9-20260109","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infections","volume":"19","author":"Avener","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nelson's Text Book of Paediatrics"},{"key":"R11-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.55762","article-title":"UTI in children with NS in Kano","volume":"8","author":"Adeleke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nigeria Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"R12-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.14238\/pi56.4.2016.238-41","article-title":"The risk of urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Gunawan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PI [Internet]"},{"key":"R13-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190","article-title":"The epidemiology of urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Foxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"R14-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.04.222","article-title":"The prevalence and predictive factors of urinary tract infection in patients undergoing renal transplantation:A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R15-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood:A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Shaikh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R16-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.34902","article-title":"Infections encountered in childhood nephrotics in a pediatric renal unit","volume":"14","author":"Senguttuvan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"R17-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001747","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Narain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R18-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32677\/IJCH.2015.v02.i01.001","article-title":"UTI at presentation of NS:A clinical evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Sreenivasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Child Health"},{"key":"R19-20260109","first-page":"112","article-title":"Major infections in children suffering from nephrotic syndrome- experience of a tertiary care centre","volume":"4","author":"Mahvish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Clin Res"},{"key":"R20-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20203177","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in nephrotic syndrome in pediatric age group:A hospital based cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"R21-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103718","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Sorkhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R22-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17014","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2015\/2573","article-title":"Occurrence of UTI in children with NS in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"4","author":"Vishwanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evolution Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"R23-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.jkb.2004.020.02.1","article-title":"Pola dan sensitivitas terhadap antibiotik bakteri penyebab infeksi saluran kemih anak di RSU dr. Saiful Anwar, Malang","volume":"20","author":"Subandiyah","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Kedokteran Brawijaya"},{"key":"R24-20260109","first-page":"950","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","author":"Jodal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"key":"R25-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.06.023","article-title":"The global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in HIV-infected people:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Parisa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R26-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20163674","article-title":"Prevalence of bacterial spectrum of UTI in NS:A cross sectional study from a tertiary care center","volume":"3","author":"Lora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"R27-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i5-s.3589","article-title":"Study of prevalence rate, side effect and co morbidities associated with current drug therapy in patients suffering with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"key":"R28-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.5.3.486","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome. Natural history of the disease","volume":"5","author":"Barness","year":"1950","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R29-20260109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91201-5","article-title":"15 year follow-up of renin and blood pressure in reflux neuropathy","volume":"347","author":"Goonasekera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1795_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:02:00Z","timestamp":1786647720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1795_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1795_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-08","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-07","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}