{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:22:37Z","timestamp":1787844157754,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late 2019 and has become a global pandemic, overwhelming healthcare systems and causing millions of deaths. Vaccines were the most effective tool among all implemented preventative measures. Vaccine uptake was influenced by people\u2019s knowledge and attitudes regarding its safety and efficacy. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and key factors affecting vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among the population of the Kingdom of Bahrain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 among adult patients aged 18 years and above in Bahrain using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. Data were collected through self-administered online forms distributed via social media platforms. Descriptive, inferential, and regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 407 Bahraini adults were included with a mean age of 34.1 \u00b1 14.2 years. Most participants (75.2%) received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. More than half of participants reported that they would accept the vaccine if suggested by a physician (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 228, 56%). Moreover, 43% and 55% of respondents were afraid from the immediate and long-term side effects of the vaccine. Results revealed high rates of acceptance and moderate levels of knowledge regarding the vaccine. Acceptance was higher among single participants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037) and those who received the flu vaccine (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004). Males (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.021) and single respondents (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006) had significantly higher knowledge scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the results of this study, targeted physician-led educational activities to address vaccine safety and side-effect concerns, particularly among females and married individuals, are advised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1799_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:00:50Z","timestamp":1770372050000},"page":"407-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge and attitudes of Bahraini citizens regarding the safety and efficacy of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines\u2014A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khaled Mohamed","family":"AlAani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulwa Ahmed","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla R.","family":"Almajed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Duaij M.","family":"Mohroofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar Ehsan","family":"Almutawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Royal Medical Services\u2013Bahrain Defence Force Hospital (RMS-BDF), Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hamad","family":"Alnajdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Royal Medical Services\u2013Bahrain Defence Force Hospital (RMS-BDF), Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahd Salah","family":"Alghawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Medical Services\u2013Mohammed Bin Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa Specialist Cardiac Centre (RMS-MKCC), Awali, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shooq Mohamed","family":"Alqallaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaldoon","family":"Alroomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000270","article-title":"The outbreak of COVID-19:An overview","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"R2-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","article-title":"The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"613","author":"Msemburi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"(335)","key":"R3-20260206","first-page":"6","article-title":"The prevalence of covid-19 in the countries of the gulf cooperation council:An examination after three years","author":"Alrasheedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Georgian Med News"},{"key":"R4-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080891","article-title":"Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic:Promoting vaccination and public health resilience, a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Pennisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"R5-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2507","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2507","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines:A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and randomized clinical trials","volume":"34","author":"Beladiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"R6-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-022-00278-9","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy:Obstacles and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Galagali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rep"},{"key":"R7-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19082-9","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and perception towards COVID-19 vaccinations among the adults in Rwanda:A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Gabriel","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R8-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35360","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035360","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the Saudi population toward COVID-19 vaccination:A cross-sectional study","volume":"102","author":"Alzamil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R9-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12030221","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on COVID-19 vaccination among general adult population in Malawi:A countrywide cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"Chisale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"R10-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11880-9","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations:A cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh","volume":"21","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R11-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1124-9","article-title":"A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Lazarus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R12-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008961","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy:A nationwide online survey in China","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R13-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2024.100733","article-title":"A narrative review of the coronavirus disease 2019 response in the Kingdom of Bahrain","volume":"100","author":"AlQahtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"R14-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388938","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2388938","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination and concerns regarding vaccine hesitancy after the termination of the zero-COVID policy in China:A nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"R15-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020269","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among pregnant women:A cross-sectional study in Greece","volume":"11","author":"Galanis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"R16-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad052","article-title":"Explaining the gender gap in COVID-19 vaccination attitudes","volume":"33","author":"Toshkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R17-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171231200778","article-title":"A scoping review on gender\/sex differences in COVID-19 vaccine intentions and uptake in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Sileo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"R18-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000514636","article-title":"Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and its related determinants among the general adult population in Kuwait","volume":"30","author":"Alqudeimat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"R19-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.09.013","article-title":"Impact of a physician recommendation on COVID-19 vaccination intent among vaccine hesitant individuals","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"R20-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102626","article-title":"One year later:What role did trust in public officials and the medical profession play in decisions to get a booster and to overcome vaccine hesitancy?","volume":"38","author":"Silver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"R21-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.02.025","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19","volume":"194","author":"Troiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"R22-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.014","article-title":"Misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy","volume":"41","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"R23-20260206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201199","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201199","article-title":"Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world","volume":"7","author":"Roozenbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1799_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:12:12Z","timestamp":1787843532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1799_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1799_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}