{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:27:43Z","timestamp":1786739263197,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n During the 2 years and 9 months from March 2020 to December 2022, the SARS-CoV-2 virus raged across the country. Cases occurred in three particular time clusters recognised by World Health Organisation as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) waves. In this study, we compare the clinical parameters of adult non-obstetric COVID-19 patients admitted to our rural tertiary care hospital during the three distinct waves of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective chart analysis of 272, 853 and 97 patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection to the only rural medical tertiary care centre in the Sunderbans of West Bengal in the first, second and third waves, respectively, was done after obtaining ethical and scientific clearance. Clinical [vital parameters, oxygen requirement, mental status, risk factor assessment, duration of hospital stay, modified-emergency warning score (m-EWS), quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), confusion, uraemia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age \u2265 65 years (CURB65)], epidemiological variables (age, gender, and vaccination status), laboratory parameters and in-hospital outcome were recorded and analysed statistically.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) m-EWS and qSOFA scores were recorded during the second wave of the pandemic. The second wave also recorded the highest mortality (14.89%) compared to the first (12.87%) and third (11.96%) waves, though this was not statistically significant. The highest duration of hospital stay was recorded in the first wave of the pandemic (mean = 9.99 days,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01). The difference in mortality rates between patients with and without co-morbidity (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) was observed during Wave-1, across any pandemic wave, and overall but not in Wave-2 and Wave-3.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was the most severe in comparison with the other two waves, while the outcome was poorer in those with co-morbidities, especially in the first wave.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1884_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T06:14:41Z","timestamp":1718345681000},"page":"2455-2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A comparative study between first three waves of COVID-19 pandemic with respect to risk factors, initial clinic-demographic profile, severity and outcome"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Indranil","family":"Thakur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arabinda","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, JGMCH, Jhargram, West Bengal, India (Formerly Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashis Kumar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Sekhar","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (Formerly Department of Microbiology, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santanu","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanmaykanti","family":"Panja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Principal and Anatomy, DHGMCH, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118","article-title":"Three waves changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"204","author":"El-Shabasy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"R2-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16352","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16352","article-title":"COVID-19: Different waves and different outcomes","volume":"132","author":"Patrucco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R3-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01734-2","article-title":"Waves and variants of SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the causes and effect of the COVID-19 catastrophe","volume":"50","author":"Thakur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"R4-20260204","first-page":"100041","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of the first and second COVID-19 waves in the Bronx, New York: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"R5-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GH000722","article-title":"The impact of the first and second waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Joshua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"R6-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20224-5","article-title":"Detecting and mitigating simultaneous waves of COVID-19 infections","volume":"12","author":"Souyris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R7-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11058","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111058","article-title":"Identification of COVID-19 waves: Considerations for research and policy","volume":"18","author":"Ayala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R8-20260204","journal-title":"World Health Organization. Interim guidance for COVID-19 Resurgence in the WHO African Region. 2021. WHO regional office for Africa. Technical documents-Coronavirus (COVID-19)"},{"key":"R14-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253116","article-title":"Government responses and COVID-19 deaths: Global evidence across multiple pandemic waves","volume":"16","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R15-20260204","first-page":"43","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Covid-19 Patients in India: A single centre retrospective cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Rathod","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R16-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.048","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the first and second waves in Saudi Arabia","volume":"118","author":"AlBahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E400","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20210323","article-title":"The impact of shifting demographics, variants of concern and vaccination on outcomes during the first 3 COVID-19 waves in Alberta and Ontario: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"McAlister","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"R18-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13371-2","article-title":"COVID-19 waves: Variant dynamics and control","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R19-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2022284","article-title":"Epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan during the first and second waves","volume":"19","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"key":"R20-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010256","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1010256","article-title":"Decrease in COVID-19 adverse outcomes in adults during the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 waves, after vaccination in Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R21-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061610","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061610","article-title":"Comparison of demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics between first and second COVID-19 waves in a secondary care hospital in Qatar: A retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Naushad","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R22-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.10.002","article-title":"Evolution of baseline characteristics and severe outcomes in COVID-19 inpatients during the first and second waves in Northeastern France","volume":"52","author":"Martinot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"R23-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912019","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality in patients aged 80 and over residing in nursing homes-six pandemic waves: OCTA-COVID Study","volume":"19","author":"Ruiz-Huerta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R24-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042282","article-title":"Multiple COVID-19 waves and vaccination effectiveness in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R25-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.115","article-title":"Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain","volume":"105","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1884_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:27:23Z","timestamp":1786735643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1884_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1884_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-04","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}