{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:23:17Z","timestamp":1787840597686,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco use is a global epidemic which poses a serious health threat to youth and young adults. Smokers mostly acknowledge the harm they are doing to themselves, and yet they continue to smoke because nicotine is a highly addictive substance. Several tools can be used to assess the level of nicotine dependence. This research was planned to study the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and assess nicotine dependence among patients attending the Psychiatry Out-Patient Department (OPD) of a medical college of Haryana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 patients visiting Psychiatry OPD. A predesigned, pretested interview schedule was used for data collection, and it included Fagerstrom Tolerance of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) to assess nicotine dependence among current tobacco users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It was reported that almost a quarter of study participants (28%) were current tobacco users. Bidi (66.66%) followed by hookah (35.71%) was the most commonly used tobacco product. Using FTND and HSI, 27.5% and 23.8% of current smokers, respectively, were found to have a high level of nicotine dependence. HSI and FTND scores of current smokers revealed a strong linear correlation (r = 0.933,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study concludes that the prevalence of current tobacco use in any form was high with the majority of tobacco users being males. We recommend strict implementation of existing laws and legislations regarding tobacco and banning smoking in public places. Tobacco users must be provided with adequate support to quit smoking using a multipronged strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_192_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1761742980000},"page":"4244-4249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tobacco use, nicotine dependence, and heaviness of smoking index among patients attending psychiatry OPD of a medical college of Haryana"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Srishti","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, BPS GMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhythm","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBBS Student, BPS GMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay K.","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, BPS GMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, BPS GMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Jangra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.2.97","article-title":"Tobacco use: A pediatric epidemic [editorial]","volume":"3","author":"Perry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"R4-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"R5-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_401_23","article-title":"Updated BG Prasad's socioeconomic status classification for the year 2023","volume":"48","author":"Ghodke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R7-20251105","first-page":"1799","article-title":"Tobacco use and nicotine dependence among patients with diabetes and hypertension in Ballabgarh, India","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"R8-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2135_21","article-title":"Prevalence of usage of tobacco and its various correlates in district GautamBudh Nagar Uttar Pradesh","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R9-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_1300_21","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of a tobacco prevention and control intervention in a rural area of India: A quasi-experimental study","volume":"47","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R10-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_42_19","article-title":"A population-based study on tobacco consumption in urban slums: Its prevalence, pattern, and determinants","volume":"8","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R15-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24321\/2455.7048.202114","article-title":"A study to assess and evaluate the degree of nicotine dependence due to smoking among adults in rural part of North India","volume":"6","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Int"},{"key":"R16-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20203908","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco chewers attending dental outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"7","author":"Shekhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"R17-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11535-9","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco users visiting outreach programs in Dharan, Nepal: A cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Subedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_192_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:25:40Z","timestamp":1787837140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_192_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_192_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-30","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}