{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1791925339502,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed at determining the association of metabolic risk factors with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and heart failure (HF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study including 104 participants was conducted in three major hospitals between October 2020 and October 2021. All adult patients of either gender, over the age of 35, attending the CVD screening program at the family medicine clinics of the hospitals were included in the study. The physician collected demographic details, history of CVD, diabetes or hypertension, and current medication. Each patient\u2019s body mass index (BMI) was calculated, electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests were done. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were checked.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of the participants was 47.6 (SD = 13.5) years. Diabetes and hypertension had increased odds of IHD by 129 (CI = 6.20 \u2013 2698.42,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) and 195 (CI = 13.87 \u2013 2743.11,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) times, respectively. Diabetes mellitus (Chi\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 11.93,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and hypertension (Chi\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 14.74,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) had significant association with HF. Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with IHD (OR = 12.41, CI = 1.15 \u2013 134.12,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038) and high-grade HF (OR = 14.91 CI = 3.61 \u2013 61.40,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy have significant association with IHD or HF among the study population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1953_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T03:51:56Z","timestamp":1675050716000},"page":"7913-7919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The association of metabolic risk factors with ischemic heart disease and heart failure in Saudi Arabia \u2013 A cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sameer","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser Hamoud","family":"Al Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhadi Shabib","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayad Sultan","family":"Alosaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Hammad","family":"Alosaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad Saeed","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Mutlaq","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabr Nahar","family":"Alsulami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judan Fahad","family":"Alruwais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Lieutenant General Practitioner in the Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5653-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors among older adults in six low-and middle-income countries: Results from SAGE Wave 1","volume":"18","author":"Ruan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R2-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142022 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R3-20260204","first-page":"2048004016687211","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A review of contemporary guidance and literature","volume":"6","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"R4-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.201217.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and the magnitude of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Ralapanawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R5-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32008-2","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R6-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17631","article-title":"Uric acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: A question of start and finish","volume":"78","author":"Borghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R7-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_351_18","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension in cardiovascular disease in Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fakhri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"R8-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"R9-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000539035.92296.a3","article-title":"Population attributable risk for cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension. Results from the Hortega follow-up study","volume":"36","author":"Ruiz-Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"R10-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R12-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000116","article-title":"Epidemiology in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol"},{"key":"R13-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000141","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez-Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R14-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01204-y","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk among the MASHAD study population","volume":"19","author":"Hedayatnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"R15-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.85772","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Implications for evaluation and targets for treatment of dyslipidemia based on recent guidelines","author":"Wengrofsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslipidemia. IntechOpen"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"R16-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2011.0166","article-title":"Relationships between obesity and cardiovascular diseases in four southern states and Colorado","volume":"22","author":"Akil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"R17-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.08.541","article-title":"PCV50 economic burden of major cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke in Saudi Arabia: A cost of illness study","volume":"23","author":"Altowaijri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"R18-20260204","first-page":"e14855","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk","volume":"13","author":"Shahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R19-20260204","first-page":"18","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors among adult population in the Gulf region: A systematic review","author":"Aljefree","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Public Health 2015"},{"key":"R20-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0244-4","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia-A cross sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Al-Rubeaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"R21-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R22-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.068","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in patients \u226580 years of age","volume":"71","author":"Madhavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R23-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6627144","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemic heart disease","author":"Kibel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020"},{"key":"R24-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423618000889","article-title":"Heart failure in primary care: Prevalence related to age and comorbidity","volume":"20","author":"Bosch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"R25-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.126532","article-title":"Study of pattern of dyslipidemia and its correlation with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with proven coronary artery disease","volume":"18","author":"Mahalle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R26-20260204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1958","article-title":"Triglyceride and HDL-C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status: The strong heart study","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R27-20260204","article-title":"Dyslipidemia associated with hypertension increases the risks for coronary heart disease: A case-control study in Harapan Kita Hospital, National Cardiovascular Center, Jakarta","author":"Ariyanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipids 2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1953_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:27:43Z","timestamp":1786735663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1953_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1953_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}