{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:29:39Z","timestamp":1786739379602,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast in male. It is postulated that its development is primarily due to a mismatch in ratio of oestrogen and androgen at breast tissue. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters at the time of consultation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All adolescent patients who attended endocrinology department with the complaint of breast enlargement were taken into study. We analysed their thyroid function test, oestrogen, testosterone, prolactin, alpha-fetoprotein, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, beta HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and liver function. Clinical features and anthropometry were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 50 patients enrolled, 34 (68%) had bilateral gynaecomastia while 16 patients (32%) had unilateral disease. Mastalgia was seen in 44 patients (88%). Psychological disturbance in the form of depression was seen in 60% of adolescent boys with gynecomastia. Tanner stage B had positive correlation with oestrogen to testosterone (E2\/TTE) ratio (r = 0.47;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.034). All other hormonal parameters were normal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mastalgia was one of the presenting complaints in majority of patients and many had bilateral enlargement. Altered oestrogen to testosterone ratio is altered in majority of patients thus may be reason for pubertal gynecomastia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1987_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T15:18:45Z","timestamp":1614352725000},"page":"648-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters in patients with pubertal gynecomastia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shrikrishna V.","family":"Acharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Endocrinologist K S Hegde Medical Academy Nitte University Mangalore, Karnataka, 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hormones","volume":"55","author":"Sansone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"R5-20260527","article-title":"Pubertal gynecomastia: Years of progress-the Hacettepe experience","volume":"31","author":"Akg\u00fcl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"R7-20260527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1720","article-title":"Approach to the patient with gynecomastia","volume":"96","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R8-20260527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302183280708","article-title":"Gynecomastia","volume":"328","author":"Braunstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R9-20260527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0724","article-title":"Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal 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