{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:23:16Z","timestamp":1787840596119,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The mortality of COVID-19 is largely the result of cellular injury and inflammation of pulmonary and nonpulmonary vital tissue after severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Evidence has accumulated that this inflammation is associated with multiple cytokine overexpression, named Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) or Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS). The commonly used techniques to predict CSS\/CRS and thereby severe COVID-19 are dependent on costly instrumentation and consumables, and frequent calibration and costly controls on a regular basis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n We determined the specific cytokine gene (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-2, TGF\u03b2, and IFN-\u03b3) expression levels as a biomarker early in the disease process (Day-5) for severe disease using multiplex qRTPCR technique using real-time thermo-cyclers which are now available in all peripheral centers. Day-5 quantitative biomarker (C-Reactive Protein, IL-6, Ferritin, and D-Dimer) and day-7 IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels were determined through the routine autoanalyzers and immune assays. We evaluated whether each of these specific biomarkers with age, gender, comorbidities, and severity can aid early detection of severity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The present research identifies age > 65 years, presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension or multimorbidity and lack of COVID-19 vaccination, and D-Dimer levels at Day-5 to be associated significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n value < 0.05) with severe COVID-19 infection. Crucially, Day-5 gene expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-\u03b3 were inversely associated with COVID-19 severity and significantly lower (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) in those with severe COVID-19 vis. healthy controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n We propose IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-\u03b3 gene expression study through a multiplex qRTPCR assay and the D-dimer test as rapid tools to triage COVID-19 patients during management and identify need for escalating therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2001_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1761742953000},"page":"4334-4341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early detection of cytokine storm and IgG levels to predict and prevent severe COVID-19 infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pramathadhip","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina - Greensboro, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan Kumar","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purba","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajsekhar","family":"Maiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Medicine, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit Kumar","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyali","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhenjit","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena Ray","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramaprasad","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Principal, Prafulla Chandra Sen Government Medical College and Hospital, Arambagh, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Principal, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College and Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiv Sekhar","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L115","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00126.2020","article-title":"Thoughts on the alveolar phase of COVID-19","volume":"319","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"R2-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and Pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R3-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R4-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14844","article-title":"Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Dolhnikoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R6-20251105","first-page":"20210003","article-title":"Point-of-care detection of cytokines in cytokine storm management and beyond: Significance and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"View (Beijing)"},{"key":"R7-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23895","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203663","article-title":"Role of tumor necrosis factor-? in the mortality of hospitalized patients with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"R8-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8491","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248491","article-title":"Recent advances in aptasensor for cytokine detection: A review","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R9-20251105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-40","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor-? 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