{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:36:04Z","timestamp":1786739764561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women can experience physical abuse, mental, sexual abuse, or even controlling behavior throughout their partnership lifecycle, which must be prevented and curtailed at the early stages. Therefore, this study explores intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence among Bahraini women, predictors of IPV, and reliability of the Women Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) questionnaire in IPV against women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current prospective cross-sectional study included 810 Bahraini women meeting the inclusion criteria, who were asked to share any IPV experience witnessed during their marriage. A questionnaire comprising of 25 questions, including those of WAST-short and WAST-long, was used. The reliability of the screening tools was determined using Cronbach's alpha test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of IPV among Bahraini was found to be 71.11%. During pregnancy, husbands' violent behavior towards family members, relatives or friends; escalation of violence; substance abuse; general antisocial behavior; criminality and mental health issues were significantly associated with IPV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Relationship problems with the husband, individual behavior of women supporting violence, and history of violence from other family members were significantly associated with abuse (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). WAST-short was shown to have a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 18.8%. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the full questionnaire, WAST-short and WAST-long were 0.82, 0.76, and 0.84, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determination of IPV is an outcome of the victim and abuser's psychosocial behaviors, and WAST-short must be complemented with WAST-long for accurate findings. Concerted efforts towards anger management and rehabilitation of the victim and abuser are imperative to end the IPV cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2401_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T12:53:08Z","timestamp":1630068788000},"page":"2893-2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intimate partner violence in the Kingdom of Bahrain"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Basem","family":"Al Ubaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Tawfeeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzeya","family":"Alahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/20786190.2016.1223796","article-title":"Evaluation of a two-question screening tool in the detection of intimate partner violence in a primary healthcare setting in South Africa","volume":"58","author":"Saimen","year":"2016","journal-title":"S Afr Fam Pract"},{"key":"R4-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.019604","article-title":"Unreported domestic violence cases against women: Towards an epidemiology of social silence, tolerance, and inhibition","volume":"58","author":"Gracia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"R5-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1139_19","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in Saudi Arabia: A topic of growing interest","volume":"9","author":"AlJuhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R8-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513488684","article-title":"Predictors of intimate partner violence in a sample of multiethnic urban young adults","volume":"28","author":"Acevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R9-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6619-2","article-title":"Prevalence and health outcomes of domestic violence amongst clinical populations in Arab countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hawcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R10-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence","volume":"3","author":"Capaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"R11-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.024","article-title":"Intimate partner violence screening tools: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Rabin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"R12-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.26715\/jbms.29.3.2017.45a","article-title":"Intimate partner violence: The silent sufferers","volume":"29","author":"Al-Ubaidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bahrain Med Soc"},{"key":"R13-28-20240828","first-page":"17","article-title":"Impact of intimate partner violence on mental health in women attending health centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain","volume":"26","author":"Abushagra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bahrain Med Soc"},{"key":"R14-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R15-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-019-0220-8","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence against women in Zimbabwe, 2005-2015","volume":"20","author":"Iman'ishimwe Mukamana","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"R16-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.1.13135","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence and its associated risk factors among Saudi female patients attending the primary healthcare centers in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R17-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020374617328","article-title":"Socioeconomic predictors of intimate partner violence among white, black, and hispanic couples in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Cunradi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"R18-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12018","article-title":"Women's education, marital violence, and divorce: A social exchange perspective","volume":"75","author":"Kreager","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"R19-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515587669","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against women attending a primary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Barnawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R20-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9126.1000150","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of abuse against married women in Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"Bohlaiga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Pract"},{"key":"R21-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03579-x","article-title":"Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in pregnant women during the outbreak of COVID-19 disease","volume":"21","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"R22-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00888.x","article-title":"Partner abuse and general crime: How are they the same.How are they different?","volume":"38","author":"Moffitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"R23-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.2.258","article-title":"Clinically abusive relationships in an unselected birth cohort: Men's and women's participation and developmental antecedents","volume":"113","author":"Ehrensaft","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R24-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.474","article-title":"Development of personality disorder symptoms and the risk of partner violence","volume":"115","author":"Ehrensaft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R25-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.05.295","article-title":"Injury location and screening questionnaires as markers for intimate partner violence","volume":"63","author":"Halpern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R26-28-20240828","first-page":"144","article-title":"Fighting violence against women: Laws, norms & challenges ahead","volume":"149","author":"Htun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Arts Sci"},{"key":"R28-28-20240828","first-page":"1235","article-title":"East Mediterranean health psychiatric and socio-environmental characteristics of Bahraini suicide cases","volume":"15","author":"Al Ansari","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"R29-28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3432923","article-title":"Daughters of men: Saudi women's sociotechnical agency practices in addressing domestic abuse","volume":"4","author":"Rabaan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2401_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:32:24Z","timestamp":1786735944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2401_20"}},"subtitle":["Prevalence, associated factors and WAST screening in primary health centres"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2401_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]}}}