{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:30:41Z","timestamp":1786739441754,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis E virus is a zoonotic virus with a worldwide epidemic outbreak. The aim of the study was to identify relative risk factors and co-infections concerning the seropositive HEV IgG among blood donors and haemodialysis (HD) patients in the central blood bank and renal dialysis centre in Wad Medani city, Gezira State, Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study that included 600 participants, among them 180 showed strong seropositive HEV IgG. The structured questionnaire was used to collect data of the participants\u2019 demographics, disease risk factors and HEV IgG co-infections with HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 180 strong seropositive HEV IgG respondents, 84 were blood donors and 96 were haemodialysis patients. The gender and age (18\u201330 years) had a significant association with the virus exposure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000). Importantly, a significant association of HEV prevalence due to the localities effect exhibited with the highest rate among South Gezira (OR = 38, CI = 14.1\u2013107;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000). This also observed in Wad Medani, Umm Algura, East Gezira and Managil localities (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000). The effect of the animal contact on HEV distribution exerted the significant association among the respondents for blood donors and haemodialysis patients in univariate (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.5\u201310.9;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005) and multivariate (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.1\u20139.4;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.027) analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relative risk factors of the HEV seroprevalence were gender, age, locality and animal contact. Besides the need of a regular survey for the virus seroprevalence, primary health care physicians can play pivotal role in health education, especially in rural areas of Sudan. In addition, primary health care physicians in Sudan are expected to establish strategies and plans to eradicate and minimise the health impact of HEV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2441_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T11:10:32Z","timestamp":1627557032000},"page":"2655-2660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relative risk factors for seropositive hepatitis E virus among blood donors and haemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nassir A.","family":"Babiker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Abakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal T.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadir","family":"Abuzeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GadAllah","family":"Modawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Iesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Assil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14351","article-title":"Hepatitis E, what's the real issue","volume":"40","author":"Larrue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"R2-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9020133","article-title":"Towards the improved accuracy of hepatitis e diagnosis in vulnerable and target groups: A global perspective on the current state of knowledge and the implications for practice","volume":"9","author":"Talapko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel"},{"key":"R3-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.048","article-title":"Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis e virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk","volume":"150","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R4-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a031732","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031732","article-title":"Epidemiology of Genotype 1 and 2 hepatitis e virus infections","volume":"9","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"R5-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020267","article-title":"Advances in hepatitis E virus biology and pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"R6-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.01.018","article-title":"Analysing complete genome sequence of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV), strain CHN-XJ-SW13 isolated from Xinjiang, China: Putative host range, and disease severity determinants in HEV","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"R7-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.202","article-title":"Human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water in southern Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Kluge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"R9-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000076","article-title":"An outbreak of hepatitis E and high maternal mortality at Port Sudan, Eastern Sudan","volume":"107","author":"Rayis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"R10-36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1086\/504321","article-title":"A large outbreak of hepatitis E among a displaced population in Darfur, Sudan. 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