{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:45:32Z","timestamp":1787071532050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explores complementary feeding practices in diverse socioeconomic settings in Delhi, India, focusing on the critical developmental period of children aged 6\u201323 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 439 mother-child pairs from urban slum, low-income (LIG), and middle-income (MIG) backgrounds in Delhi\u2019s National Capital Territory. Complementary feeding practices were assessed using the latest WHO 2021 IYCF indicators, with statistical analysis carried out via STATA version 17.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MIG demonstrated better feeding practices compared to urban slum and LIG areas, but all groups exhibited suboptimal complementary feeding practices. Alarmingly low levels of minimum acceptable diet (MAD) were found across all groups, with only 17% of children in MIG, 8.7% in LIG, and 10% in urban slum meeting MAD standards. Over 22% of children consumed unhealthy snacks, and more than 65% did not consume fruits or vegetables the previous day, pointing to significant gaps in diet diversity and nutrient adequacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores the urgent need to address disparities in feeding practices and the growing consumption of unhealthy foods across income groups. Targeted behavior change programs, delivered through accessible platforms, are essential to improving child nutrition and fostering healthy feeding practices, regardless of socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_411_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:01:10Z","timestamp":1759006870000},"page":"3823-3829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing complementary feeding practices using WHO 2021 Indicators: Insights from Delhi\u2019s socioeconomic groups"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Komal","family":"Rathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, Mandi House, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, Mandi House, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.S.","family":"Toteja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jodhpur City Knowledge and Innovation Foundation, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R1-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x","article-title":"Long-term consequences of stunting in early life","volume":"7","author":"Dewey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"R3-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R6-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12107","article-title":"Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"R10-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13375","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13375","article-title":"Complementary feeding and food-group level inequality among Ethiopian children 6\u201323 months of age (2011\u20132019)","volume":"20","author":"Tizazu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"R11-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab088","article-title":"Complementary feeding practices in 80 low-and middle-income countries: Prevalence of and socioeconomic inequalities in dietary diversity, meal frequency, and dietary adequacy","volume":"151","author":"Gatica-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R12-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110875","article-title":"Estimates of dietary quality in infants and young children (6\u201323 mo): Evidence from demographic and health surveys of 49 low-and middle-income countries","volume":"78","author":"Baye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"R13-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2579","article-title":"Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: Evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys","volume":"134","author":"Arimond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R14-20251009","first-page":"98","article-title":"Magnitude and determinants of stunting in children underfive years of age in food surplus region of Ethiopia: The case of West Gojam Zone","volume":"23","author":"Teshome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"R15-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060719","article-title":"Egg consumption in infants is associated with longer recumbent length and greater intake of several nutrients essential in growth and development","volume":"10","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R17-20251009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-008-0006-9","article-title":"Complementary feeding\u2014reasons for inappropriateness in timing, quantity and consistency","volume":"75","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"R18-20251009","year":"2016","journal-title":"MCSP Nutrition Brief: Junk food consumption is a nutrition problem among infants and young children: Evidence and program considerations for low and middle income countries. 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