{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1787758415000,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial coinfections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during viral infections including corona virus disease (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to comprehend the complex connection between bacterial and viral infections. During the current pandemic, systematic testing of the COVID-19 patients having bacterial coinfections is essential to choose the correct antibiotics for treatment and prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study was planned to study the prevalence, demographic parameters, comorbidities, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 patients having bacterial coinfections were selected for the study and analyzed for the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivities, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes. The bacterial isolates were identified and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the total 1,019 COVID-19 patients screened, 5.2% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 53) demonstrated clinical signs of bacterial coinfection.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the most common isolate followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella spp<\/jats:italic>\n                      . among the gram-negative bacterial infections. Coagulase-negative\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus species<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CONS) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were most common among the gram-positive bacterial infections. The antibiotic sensitivity profiling revealed that colistin (99%), imipenem (78%), and fosfomycin (95%) were the most effective drugs against the gram-negative isolates while vancomycin (100%), teicoplanin (99%), and doxycycline (71%) were most potent against the gram-positive isolates. The analysis of the clinical parameters and outcomes revealed that among the COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfections, the mortality rate was higher (39%) than the control group (17%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals the significantly increased rates of bacterial coinfections among COVID-19 patients which may lead to an increase in mortality. This study will guide the physicians at the primary level on the rational and correct usage of antibiotics in such COVID cases. Hence, systematic testing of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfections is the need of the hour to decrease the mortality rate and limit the spread of AMR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_41_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T06:27:00Z","timestamp":1663050420000},"page":"4473-4478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bacterial coinfections in COVID: Prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity patterns and clinical outcomes from a tertiary institute of Northern India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chinmoy","family":"Sahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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