{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:35:09Z","timestamp":1786649709070,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is the clinical entity that is gaining more recognition. Still, it may emerge in various ways, making it difficult to diagnose. Even though pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common variety, EPTB may affect many organ systems and often mimics other diseases, therefore postponing diagnosis, and treatment. Five rare types of EPTB, including testicular tuberculosis, esophageal tuberculosis, psoas abscess with spinal involvement, tuberculous mastitis, and parotid gland tuberculosis, are the main subjects of this case series. All patients who were HIV-negative were diagnosed utilizing clinical examination, imaging studies, histology, and molecular testing using CBNAAT\/GeneXpert. Although these instances are unusual, early diagnosis and the initiation of anti-tubercular treatment yielded good results. Requiring second-line treatment, one patient was identified with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In a few cases, surgical intervention was required for the treatment of complications and to confirm the diagnosis. The variety of presentations highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for EPTB, particularly in endemic areas. The timeliness of intervention and reduction of disease burden depend on the improved diagnostic modalities and the multidisciplinary approach. This case series highlights the importance of understanding the various presentations of EPTB to prevent delayed treatment and misdiagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_435_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:00:51Z","timestamp":1776679251000},"page":"1408-1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The many faces of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A case series"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nirupam","family":"Nadella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Bahadursha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korvi Nitish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhur","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260424","first-page":"141","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis\u2014An update on the diagnosis, treatment and drug resistance","volume":"1","author":"Gopalaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Resp"},{"key":"R2-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200216","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0216-2020","article-title":"What pulmonologists need to know about extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Natali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"R4-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-217529","article-title":"Tuberculosis in times of COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Zimmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"R5-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1927718","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"R6-20260424","first-page":"006","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis:Update on the epidemiology, risk factors and prevention strategies","volume":"1","author":"Ayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis"},{"key":"R7-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0873-2159(15)30201-4","article-title":"Testicular tuberculosis:Case report","volume":"15","author":"Viveiros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Port Pneumol"},{"key":"R8-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0061","article-title":"Breast tuberculosis in women:A systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Quaglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R9-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236019","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236019","article-title":"Case series on variable presentations of tuberculosis of the breast","volume":"13","author":"Chitrambalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"R10-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7484812","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7484812","article-title":"A rare case of parotid gland tuberculosis","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Pediatr. 2021"},{"key":"R11-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01172-0","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculos\u0131s:An old but resurgent problem","volume":"13","author":"Baykan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"R12-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2015.78.2.47","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"R13-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4103\/JOC.JOC_84_16","article-title":"Comparison of conventional Ziehl-Neelsen method of acid fast bacilli with modified bleach method in tuberculous lymphadenitis","volume":"34","author":"Krishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cytol"},{"key":"R14-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2017.12.002","article-title":"Usage of Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CB-NAAT\/GeneXpert) test as diagnostic modality for pediatric tuberculosis;case series from Mangalore, South India","volume":"11","author":"Sahana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"R15-20260424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462421992257","article-title":"HIV-associated tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Hamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R16-20260424","first-page":"16","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management considerations within high-resourced settings. Ann Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_435_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:57:25Z","timestamp":1786647445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_435_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_435_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}