{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:16:28Z","timestamp":1792631788837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of any psychoactive substance including licit and illicit drugs, other than when medically indicated. According to a UN report, 1 million heroin addicts are registered in India, and unofficially, there are as many as 5 million. Among all the states Punjab stood third in substance abuse and also injectable drug use. The present study was thus conducted to assess the sociodemographic profile and pattern of substance abuse among patients attending a Drug de-addiction centre.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A record-based analysis from March 2015 to March 2019 was done. Substance dependence was diagnosed post detailed clinical interview by a consultant psychiatrist at the center using DSM -10. For the 966 registered patients admitted in the last four years, the record was checked for completeness of data and relevant information on socio-demographic profile, substance abused, duration of hospital stays, drop out and relapse rates was extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the total admitted patients (n= 966) 100% addicts were of male gender and natives of Punjab. 514 (53.21%) were married followed by 434(44.93%) never married. Maximum patients 456(47.20%) were self-employed. Heroin was the most abused drug. The injecting route of drug abuse was used by most of the abusers i.e. 51.66%. Only 173 (17.90%) patients dropped out of the treatment followed by relapse in 192 (19.88%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this paper we demonstrated the vulnerability of young population towards drug addiction. Easy accessibility of drugs, peer pressure and difficult family circumstances raises the fragility to restore for substance use. However, community-based studies are imperative in order to estimate how big is the problem at the bottom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_499_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T10:08:40Z","timestamp":1595758120000},"page":"3338-3342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sociodemographic profile and pattern of substance abusers: A retrospective study to unveil the public health problem of Punjab"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Avneet","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manmohan S.","family":"Brar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Deputy Assistant Director of Health, Shillong, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandana","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.222037","article-title":"Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R2-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00263-9","article-title":"Application of the Chinese version of the addiction profile index (API) in drug users: An analysis of validity and measurement invariance across genders","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"R3-20260813","first-page":"4","article-title":"Substance abuse in India","volume":"4","author":"Nadeem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pravara Med Rev"},{"key":"R6-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.148509","article-title":"Strategy for the management of substance use disorders in the State of Punjab: Developing a structural model of state-level de-addiction services in the health sector (the \u201cPunjab model\u201d)","volume":"57","author":"Basu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7-20260813","first-page":"136","article-title":"Evaluation of socio-demographic profile of the drug abusers visiting drug deaddiction centre at Faridkot, Punjab","volume":"4","author":"Arora","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adv Med Dent Sci Res"},{"key":"R8-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20185259","article-title":"A study of socio-demographic profile and pattern of drug use among substance abusers attending mind care de-addiction center in Ahmedabad","volume":"6","author":"Prajapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"R9-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.148778","article-title":"Socioeconomic characteristics of alcohol and other substance users, seeking treatment in Sikkim, North East India","volume":"7","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"R10-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20174841","article-title":"A cross sectional comparative study of quality of life of treatments seekers at de-addiction centre in central India using WHO BREF scale","volume":"4","author":"Kapse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"R11-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00265-7","article-title":"Changes in quality of life and its associated factors among illicit drug users in Vietnamese mountainous provinces: A 12-month follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"R12-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-1505.262499","article-title":"Trends and patterns of drug abuse in select population of Punjab in year 2016-201","volume":"15","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatric Nurs"},{"key":"R13-20260813","first-page":"73","article-title":"A study of socio-demographic profile of substance abusers attending de-addiction centres in Kolkata city","volume":"7","author":"Murmu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R14-20260813","first-page":"74","article-title":"Study of socio-demographic profile of substance users attending a de-addiction centre in Ahmedabad city","volume":"28","author":"Kadri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R15-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.160751","article-title":"Sociodemographic profile and pattern of opioid abuse among patients presenting to a de-addiction centre in tertiary care Hospital of Kashmir","volume":"6","author":"Farhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pharmacy"},{"key":"R16-20260813","first-page":"52","article-title":"Comprehension Evaluation of Drug De-addiction Centres (DDCs) in Punjab (Northern India)","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary 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