{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1791233601664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral health is vital to the general well being and is a time-tested indicator of the systemic health of an individual. Oral cavity may be the primary site affected in endocrine disorders, renal disorders, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hematological, autoimmune cutaneous disorders, and psychosomatic disorders. Eating disorders (primarily Anorexia nervosa and bulimia) are psychosomatic disorders having multifaceted etiology, and characterized by abnormal eating patterns. In many cases, the oral cavity may be the only site of the manifestations of eating disorders. An oral physician may often unveil the mystery of this underlying systemic pathology by a vigilant and meticulous examination of the oral cavity. This not only helps in nabbing the disease in its early course but also prevents the patients from the appalling consequences due to the disease. This article aims to highlight the etiopathogenesis and various oral features in eating disorders. The oral physician should be familiar with the bizarre oral features of eating disorders and should work in close connection with other healthcare physicians to prevent the psychosomatic and systemic consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_608_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T05:57:47Z","timestamp":1598939867000},"page":"3890-3897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Oral cavity and eating disorders: An insight to holistic health"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shamimul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Darshan Dental College and Hospitals, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyadarshini","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijeta","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Darshan Dental College and Hospitals, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazina","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.156323","article-title":"Association between poor oral health and eating disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"207","author":"Kisely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R2-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2284-y","article-title":"Orofacial manifestations in outpatients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa focusing on the vomiting behavior","volume":"22","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"key":"R3-20260817","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between eating disorders, suicide and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students of health-related courses","volume":"18","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Einstein (S\u00e3 Paulo)"},{"key":"R4-20260817","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oral implications of eating disorders: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bhargavaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch OrofacSci"},{"key":"R5-20260817","first-page":"595","article-title":"Oral and dental health status in patients with eating disorders in Madrid, Spain","volume":"24","author":"Garrido-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R6-20260817","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eating disorders within the dental practice: A literature review","volume":"16","author":"Askounes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global J Med Res J DentOtolaryngol"},{"key":"R7-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00922.x","article-title":"Eating disorders and oral health: A matched case\u2013control study","volume":"120","author":"Johansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R8-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7020060","article-title":"Anorexia, oral health and antioxidant salivary system: A clinical study on adult female subjects","volume":"7","author":"Mascitti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"R9-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/odfen\/2018043","article-title":"Adverse effects of eating disorders on the oral health of teenagers","volume":"21","author":"Colon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dentofacial Anom Orthod"},{"key":"R10-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijohd.2019.039","article-title":"Eating disorders: Condition of interest to a restoring dentist: A narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Coutinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oral Health Dent"},{"key":"R11-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2017.837","article-title":"The impact of bulimia nervosa on oral health: A review of the literature","volume":"223","author":"Rosten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"R12-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800036a","article-title":"Eating disorders and the dentist","volume":"186","author":"Milosevic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"R13-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200409","article-title":"A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders","volume":"20","author":"Rikani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurosci"},{"key":"R15-20260817","first-page":"46","article-title":"Oral Manifestations of Suspected Eating Disorders among Women of 20-25 Years in Bangalore City, India","volume":"32","author":"Jugale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"R16-20260817","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations of eating disorders","volume":"63","author":"Bern","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr"},{"key":"R17-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":":6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00079.x","article-title":"Eating disorders and oral health: A review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Frydrych","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"R18-20260817","first-page":"783","article-title":"Oral manifestations of eating disorders: Literature review","volume":"13","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Demetra Food, Nutr Health"},{"key":"R19-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2005.69.3.tb03921.x","article-title":"Knowledge of oral and physical manifestations of anorexia and bulimia nervosa among dentists and dental hygienists","volume":"69","author":"DeBate","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dental Educ"},{"key":"R20-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_168_18","article-title":"Diagnosis of bilateral parotid enlargement (Sialosis) by sonography: A case report and literature review","volume":"31","author":"Arya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"R21-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-016-0913-7","article-title":"Bilateral parotid sialadenosis associated with long-standing bulimia: A case report and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Garcia Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"R22-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.07.003","article-title":"Salivary changes and dental erosion in bulimia nervosa","volume":"106","author":"Dynesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R23-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199311)14:3<341::AID-EAT2260140312>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Oral and dental complications in dieting disorders","volume":"14","author":"Touyz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int JEat Disord"},{"key":"R24-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2008.00296.x","article-title":"Study of oral changes in patients with eating disorders","volume":"6","author":"Oliva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int JDent Hyg"},{"key":"R25-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.08.008","article-title":"Salivary gland disorders","volume":"98","author":"Mandel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R26-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432384","article-title":"Ultrastructural studies of the parotid glands in sialadenosis","volume":"365","author":"Donath","year":"1975","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol"},{"key":"R27-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0347(199812)20:8<758::AID-HED16>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Sialadenosis: A presenting sign in bulimia","volume":"20","author":"Coleman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"R28-20260817","first-page":"1594","article-title":"An overview of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and the impact of eating disorders on the oral cavity","volume":"140","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"R29-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1155\/1997\/727645","article-title":"Physiological effects of bulimia nervosa on the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R30-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v22n04_04","article-title":"Oral manifestations of bulimia nervosa","volume":"22","author":"Zachariasen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"R31-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-015-0611-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders in patients with eating disorders","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R32-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.08.005","article-title":"Necrotizing sialometaplasia associated with bulimia: case report and literature review","volume":"103","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R33-20260817","first-page":"30","article-title":"Necrotising sialometaplasia of palate-report of a case with review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orofacial Health Sci"},{"key":"R34-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90225-2","article-title":"Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A clinicopathologic study of sixty-nine cases and review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Brannon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R35-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0334","article-title":"Necrotizing sialometaplasia: Literature review and case reports","volume":"127","author":"Imbery","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R36-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.02.020","article-title":"The clinical, histologic, and treatment spectrum in necrotizing sialometaplasia","volume":"114","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"R37-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(98)80039-8","article-title":"Necrotizing sialometaplasia in two patients with bulimia and chronic vomiting","volume":"27","author":"Sch\u00f6ning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R38-20260817","first-page":"22","article-title":"Bulimia: Dentomedical complications","volume":"40","author":"Ruff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"R39-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1999.eos1070301.x","article-title":"Oral status of 81 subjects with eating disorders","volume":"107","author":"\u00d6hrn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R40-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199107)10:4<423::AID-EAT2260100407>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Oral and dental characteristics in Bulimic and anorectic patients","volume":"4","author":"Philipp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R41-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489109137408","article-title":"Parotid salivary secretory pattern in bulimia nervosa","volume":"111","author":"Riad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R42-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8177(91)26015-8","article-title":"Bulimia nervosa. Its effect on salivary chemistry","volume":"122","author":"Tylenda","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R43-20260817","first-page":"361","article-title":"Salivary factors in vomiting bulimics with and without pathological tooth wear","volume":"30","author":"Milosevic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"R44-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407154","article-title":"Dysphagia in bulimia nervosa","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"R45-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199212)12:4<431::AID-EAT2260120411>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Serum amylase in bulimia nervosa: Clinical status and pathology","volume":"12","author":"Levine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R46-20260817","first-page":"373","article-title":"Hyperamylasaemia in bulimia nervosa","volume":"51","author":"Walsh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R47-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90018-U","article-title":"The clinical relevance of salivary amylase monitoring in bulimia nervosa","volume":"32","author":"Kronvall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R48-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.03.003","article-title":"Gustatory and olfactory sensitivity in patients with anorexia and bulimia in the course of treatment","volume":"43","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R49-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.1.32","article-title":"Bulimia and taste: possible interactions","volume":"99","author":"Rodin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R50-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.020131","article-title":"Intact sensory function in anorexia nervosa","volume":"95","author":"Goldzak-Kunik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R51-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2238","article-title":"Alterations of the olfactory-gustatory functions in patients with eating disorders","volume":"21","author":"Dazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"R53-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1989.tb00258.x","article-title":"Salivary levels of putative cariogenic organisms in patients with eating disorders","volume":"4","author":"Bretz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"R54-20260817","first-page":"93","article-title":"Oral microflora in patients with salivary gland hypofunction","volume":"1","author":"Hofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Biosci Med"},{"key":"R55-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-018-0231-1","article-title":"Physicians' perspectives on the treatment of patients with eating disorders in the acute setting","volume":"7","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"R56-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4080967","article-title":"The role of ghrelin, salivary secretions, and dental care in eating disorders","volume":"4","author":"Yagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R57-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: A systematic literature review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R58-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-0281-z","article-title":"Diet and behavioral habits related to oral health in eating disorder patients: A matched case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Johansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eat Disorders"},{"key":"R59-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.48","article-title":"Current eating disorder healthcare services-the perspectives and experiences of individuals with eating disorders, their families and health professionals: Systematic review and thematic synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Johns","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"R60-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419872824","article-title":"A systematic review of taste differences among people with eating disorders","volume":"22","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"R61-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1803175","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa","volume":"382","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_608_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:01:27Z","timestamp":1786986087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_608_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_608_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-12","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-25","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}